## 🧭Overview

Welcome to the first Module where you will start writing Python code maybe for the first time in your lives, we will learn about what programming languages are, why we need them, and also why we are learning Python.

⌛ Duration:- 2 hrs.

## 🥅 Learning Objectives

After completing this module you will be able to:

- [ ] Explain what computer programming is and why it is important to learn Python.
- [ ] Create and run Python programs that accept input from the user and/or display output using Jupyter Notebook along with descriptive comments.
- [ ] Use Python’s arithmetic operators to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and so on.
- [ ] Create Python variables that belong to different Data types.

## 🧰 Requirements

- Having Jupiter Notebook or Pydroid installed
- Joining our Piazza Q&A platform 
- Having our intro course page bookmarked.
- Joining the Whatsapp Group
- Finishing How to Learn At DirectEd
- Completing Module 0: Introduction + Setup

## Sessions


### **Session 1: An Introduction to Programming and Python**

⏳ Duration:  50 mins.

 - Activity 1: Reading
 - Activity 2: Your first program, “Hello World”
 - Activity 3: Comments

### **Session 2: Number, Variables, and Data Types**

⏳ Duration: 50 mins.

 - Activity 1: Numbers and Math in Python
 - Activity 2: Variables, What are they?
 - Activity 3: Python Data Types
   


Introduction 



During the next 5 days, you will be creating computer programs using Python, but before you do you must understand what programming is and why we are learning Python.

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To understand computer programming and the reason why one should learn Python.

📋Instructions: Read Topic 1 and Topic 2 found below.

### 💡Topic 1: What is Programming?

Computer programs are incredibly powerful tools that can be used in a variety of ways. They can store and process large amounts of data quickly and accurately, perform complex calculations, and create and modify documents. This makes them invaluable tools in today's world.

Computer programs can also be programmed to do tasks that would ordinarily take a human much longer to complete. For example, a computer program can be programmed to automatically sort through hundreds of emails and organize them into categories. This can save a great deal of time and effort, as well as reduce the risk of human error.

Computer programs are also incredibly powerful when it comes to performing complex calculations. For example, a computer program can quickly calculate the square root of a number or determine the probability of a particular event occurring. This can be incredibly useful for scientists, mathematicians, and other professionals who need to perform complex calculations.

In simple words, a computer program is like a recipe for a delicious meal. Just like a recipe a computer program is a set of instructions that tell a computer what to do. The instructions are written in a language that the computer can understand, like a set of instructions written in English. The instructions tell the computer what to do step-by-step, just like a recipe tells a cook what to do step-by-step. The instructions can be as simple as telling the computer to print out a message, or as complex as telling the computer to create a game. The instructions can also be used to create websites, apps, and other software. Just like a recipe, the instructions need to be written in the right order and with the right structure for the computer to understand them. Once the instructions are written, the computer can follow them and do what it is told.

Computer programming is the act of writing the step-by-step instructions that make up a computer program and to write computer programs we use programming languages, Although many languages share similarities, each has its syntax. Syntax in a programming language can be compared to grammar in the English language. Just as grammar is the set of rules that govern how words are used to form sentences, Syntax is the set of rules that govern how programming language instructions are written. Once a programmer learns the language's rules, syntax, and structure, they write the source code in a text editor. Then, the programmer often translates the code into machine language that can be understood by the computer using a program called a compiler or an interpreter.

During the next 5 days, you will be learning a programming language called Python which is easy to learn and can be used to write all sorts of computer programs. you can use Python to build games, online tools, and websites. Python looks like a mixture of recognizable words and characters, so it can be easily read and understood by humans.

### 💡 Topic 2: Why Learn Python Programming?

Python is a general-purpose programming language, which means that it can be used for a wide variety of tasks such as building software and websites, data analysis and so much more. Though it’s been around for 30 years, it has recently become one of the most popular programming languages, and its popularity continues to grow. Here are some reasons why you should learn Python:

**1. Python Is Beginner-Friendly and Quite popular**

Python is an excellent place to begin if you’re new to coding. It features simple English syntax and is designed to be concise and easy to read which makes it accessible to first-time coders. When it comes to Python’s popularity and growth rate, the numbers don’t lie. Python is the most-searched programming language on the internet and that doesn’t look like it will be changing any time soon.

**2. Python Is Versatile**

Part of this acclaim is due to Python’s usefulness in the world of data science; as fields like machine learning, data modeling, and AI grow, so too does the demand for Python-related skills. You can use Python for both small and complex tasks, and it is used across many different industries from data science and software engineering to environments like mobile app development, artificial intelligence, and machine learning.

**3. Python Developer Roles Are in High Demand**

Many major companies including DropBox, Netflix, and Facebook use Python. According to Indeed, Python developers earn an average salary of $108,391, Statista also named Python the third most in-demand language by recruiters in 2022.




Session 1: Activity 1: Reading 📖 

This multiple-choice quiz is designed to test your knowledge about computer programming and the reasons for learning Python. The quiz is based on the information provided in Topic 1 and Topic 2, which cover fundamental concepts of programming, the comparison of programming languages to everyday activities, and the specific advantages of learning Python.

 Quiz: Understanding Computer Programming and Python

- Throughout
 the course, you are going to write, fix, and run your code using Jupyter Notebooks so it is **important** you know how to use it. Please take the tutorial found below to find out **how to use Jupyter**. 

📋 **Tutorial**: https://scribehow.com/shared/How_to_use_Jupyter__i90k828ZS1-l7Nu6h0_FgQ

##  💡 Topic: Integrated Development Environment

-  Jupyter Notebook is an Integrated Development Environment. Imagine it as a powerhouse for coding, designed to make your life as a developer smoother and more efficient.

1. Code Editor - Your Workspace:

- The IDE provides a dedicated space for writing and editing code. It's like a spacious desk tailored for coding, equipped with features like syntax highlighting, auto-completion, and indentation to make your code neat and readable.

2. Compiler/Interpreter - The Execution Wizard:

- The IDE includes tools that transform your written code into something the computer can understand and execute. It's like having a wizard who translates your instructions into a language the computer speaks, turning your code into a working program.

3. Debugger - The Investigator:

- Debugging
tools help you track down and fix issues in your code. It's akin to having a detective by your side, allowing you to investigate and resolve problems step by step.
Project Management 





How To Use Jupyter 

﻿The journey of a thousand miles begins with the first step, well in our case creating a computer program with thousands of lines of code starts with writing the first line so get ready for some hands-on Python practice don’t worry if things get a little confusing this is your first program after all.

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create and run your first Python program using Jupyter Notebook.

## 📋 Instructions:

- Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
- Step 2: Create a new file titled ex1.
- Step 3: Inside ex1 Write the code found below: 


```
print("Hello World!")
print("Hello Again")
print("I like typing this.")
print("This is fun.")
print('Yay! Printing.')
print("I'd much rather you 'not'.")
print('I "said" do not touch this.')
```
👉Reminder: Do not copy-paste code.

- Step 4: Once finished, run your code and check if you have errors.


- In case of an error compare the code you have with the code that is provided to you or Google the error code displayed by Jupyter and try to find a solution.

- If you need more help check out the video attached with this tutorial.

Note:

1. Point 1: The atom text editor used in the video corresponds to your Jupyter Notebook.
2. Point 2: Use Jupyter to run and test your code.

Notes:

The print() function in Python is used to display a specified message on the screen.

## 📝 Study Drill:

The Study Drills contain things you must do before moving on to the next section. If at any point you find yourself getting stuck revise your code and also try to use Google to your advantage.

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Make your script print another line.  
2.  Put a # (octothorpe) character at the beginning of a line. What did it do? Try to find out what this character does.
3.  Make your script print only one of the lines. ( 🤔 maybe use # )
4. Once you have finished the study drill submit the file you have worked on using the following link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

## Common Student Questions:

- Do we need to include the study drills in the files that we submit?

    Yes, Only submit exercise files after completing study drills.


----------

![GoodJob](https://sayingimages.com/wp-content/uploads/you-did-good-job-meme.jpg)

----------




Session 1: Activity 2: Hello World👋 


⏳ Duration: 20 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program that contains comments.

## 💡 Topic: What is a comment?


Comments in Python are lines of text that are not run as part of the program. They are used to explain what the code is doing and to make the code easier to read and understand.


⚓ Write this code in Jupyter 👇(study drill step 3)

```
# A comment, this is so you can read your program later.

# Anything after the # is ignored by Python.

print("I could have code like this.") # and the comment after is ignored

# print("This won't run.")

print("This will run.")

# You can also use a comment to "disable" or comment out code:

```

Comments are useful when you are writing code that is complex or that you may need to refer back to later. They can help you remember what the code is doing and make it easier to debug if something goes wrong.

Comments can also be used to disable a line of code temporarily. This is useful if you want to test something without running the entire program. For example, if you wanted to test a certain line of code without running the rest of the program, you could add a comment like this:


⚓ Write this code in Jupyter 👇(study drill step 3)

﻿
```
# This line of code adds two numbers together
# x = 5 + 10
```

💡 The code X=5+10 will not execute since we commented it out!

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex2.
3. Step 3: Write the two code snippets that are found above in the explanation section one after the other as they appear in this document.
4. Step 4: Run your code and Evaluate your output.

If you need more help, please check out the video that comes with the tutorial.

 Note:

1. The atom text editor used in the video corresponds to your Jupyter Notebook.
2. Use Jupyter to run and test your code.


## 📝 Study Drills:

1. Find out if you were right about what the # character does and make sure you know what it's called (octothorpe or pound character).
2. Take your ex2.py file and review each line going backward. Start at the last line, and check each word in reverse against what you should have typed. 
3. Did you find more mistakes? Fix them.
4. Please read what you typed above out loud, including saying each character by its name. Did you find more mistakes? Fix them.
5. Once you have finished the study drill submit the file you have worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ
## ❓ Common student questions:


- Why does the # in print("Hi # there.") not get ignored?

    The # in that code is inside a string used to store text information. Strings are surrounded by either single quotation marks or double quotation marks. , so the # will be put into the string until the ending " character is hit. Pound characters in a string are just considered characters, not comments.

- How do I comment out multiple lines?

    Put a # in front of each one.

- I can't figure out how to type a # character on my country's keyboard. How do I do that?
 
    Some countries use the Alt key and combinations of other keys to print characters foreign to their language. You'll have to look online in a search engine to see how to type it.

- Why do I have to read code backward?
    
    It's a trick to make your brain not attach meaning to each part of the code and doing that makes you process each piece exactly. This catches errors and is a handy error-checking technique.
## ☕Break Time


![](https://media.makeameme.org/created/10-minute-break-2041a4520f.jpg)

Take a 10-minute break and come back for session two.


Session 1: Activity 3: Comments

This comprehensive quiz evaluates your proficiency in both the process of creating and running a Python program using Jupyter Notebook and the essential concepts related to comments in Python. 

Quiz: Python Basics + Comments

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.


🎯 Goal: To create a program that uses the above math symbols for calculations


## 💡 Topic: What are Python maths symbols?


Maths is everywhere, from the basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division to more advanced equations that help us explain phenomena in the natural world. in programming, math is used to do many things from counting the number of likes on a social media post to making calculations that guide rocket ships. In Python, we use different math symbols to perform such calculations.

![](https://i.ibb.co/Yf0KWLz/Screenshot-2024-02-14-173534.png)

The symbols found in the above table are also known as operators, Python has different kinds of operators that it uses to perform various tasks. you will learn about them more as you progress through this course.

## 📝 Instructions:

1.  Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2.  Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex3
3.  Step 3: write the following code in your Jupyter file.


```
print("I will now count my chickens: ")
print("Hens", 25 + 30 / 6)
print("Roosters", 100 - 253 % 4)
print("Now I will count the eggs:")
print (3 + 2 + 15 + 4 % 2 - 1 / 4 + 6)
print("Is it true that 3 + 2 < 5 - 7?")
print (3 + 2 <57)
print("What is 3 + 2?", 3 + 2)
print("What is 5 - 7?", 5 - 7)
print("Oh, that's why it's False.")
print("How about some more.")
print("Is it greater?", 5 > -2)
print("Is it greater or equal?", 5 >= -2)
print("Is it less or equal?", 5 <= -2)
```

4. Step 4: Run and evaluate your code.
 
Note:

1. Analyze your code line by line and say what it does in your head, This will help you understand the code better.

- [ ] For example, you could say 🗣️:  `“Line 1 displays a text that reads I will now count my chickens “`

2. If you need more help check out the video that comes alongside this tutorial.

Note:
1. Point 1: The atom text editor used in the video corresponds to your Jupyter Notebook.
2. Point 2: Use Jupyter to run and test your code.


## 🧠 Study Drills:

1. write a comment using the # symbol above each line of code explaining what it does.

👉 Note:

- Point 1: If you have trouble understanding what each symbol does refer to the table found above to check what a symbol does.
- Point 2: Make sure you write a comment for all the lines because this is done deliberately to help you learn by yourself and develop your analytical skills. which is one of the most important skills a good programmer can have.


2.  On the last line of the ex3 file, write Python code that adds the ages of your parents and displays it.
 
👉 Note: If you don’t know the age of your parents simply try to guess.

3. In your Google search bar type “Arithmetic operators in Python“ and try to learn what they are, afterwards check which Math Symbols/operators belong to this category. (**This task will not be submitted but you must take notes for yourself**).
4. Once you have finished the study drill submit the Jupyter file you have worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ


## ❓Common Student Questions


- Why is the % character a "modulus" and not a "percent"?

    Mostly that's just how the designers chose to use that symbol. In normal writing, you are correct to read it as a "percent." In programming, this calculation is typically done with simple division and the / operator. The % modulus is a different operation that just happens to use the % symbol.

- How does % work?

    Another way to say it is, "X divided by Y with J remaining." For example, "100 divided by 16 with 4 remaining." The result of % is the J part or the remaining part.

- What is the order of operations?

    There is an acronym called PEMDAS which stands for Parentheses Exponents Multiplication Division Addition Subtraction. That's the order Python follows as well. The mistake people make with PEMDAS is to think this is a strict order, as in "Do P, then E, then M, then D, then A, then S."The actual order is you do the multiplication and division (M&D) in one step, from left to right, then you do the addition and subtraction in one step from left to right. So, you could rewrite PEMDAS as PE(M&D)(A&S).


Session 2: Activity 1: Numbers and Maths

## 💡 Topic: Comments

- Comments are annotations or explanatory notes within a computer program's source code that are ignored by the compiler or interpreter. They are intended for human readers and provide information about the code, its functionality, or any other relevant details. Comments help programmers understand the code, make it more maintainable, and facilitate collaboration among team members. In various programming languages, comments are typically denoted by specific symbols or keywords and do not affect the program's execution.


## 💡 How to Write Comments

- [ ] Please follow the following link to find out how to write comments when doing your exercises: https://scribehow.com/shared/How_to_write_Comments__17nCkHasTPOqrutlZb_9aA?authuser=1 


How To Write Comments

This math quiz assesses your understanding of complex mathematical operations in Python. It covers arithmetic operations available in Python. The questions are designed to challenge your knowledge and application of these mathematical concepts.

### Don't Mark This Lesson Complete Until You Get All The Questions Right!

Quiz: Mathematical Operations

⏳ Duration: 10 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create and run a Python program that contains variables on Jupyter Notebook.

## 💡  Topic: What is a variable?

Variables are like little containers that hold information. Think of them like a box where you can put things inside. For example, if you wanted to remember a person's age, you could put that age inside a variable called "age", and then you can always look inside the box to see what age is stored inside. Variables are very useful for computer programs because they help keep track of lots of different pieces of information.

## 💡 Creating variables:

Python has no command for declaring a variable. A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it but Python still has specific rules as to how you can name variables which are as follows:

- A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
- A variable name cannot start with a number
- A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A, 0-9, and _ )
- Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age, and AGE, are three different variables)

Here is how you can create variables in Python:

⚓Code To Write 👇



```
cars = 100
space_in_a_car = 4.0
drivers = 30
passengers = 90
cars_not_driven = cars - drivers
cars_driven = drivers
carpool_capacity = cars_driven * space_in_a_car
average_passengers_per_car = passengers / cars_driven


print("There are", cars, "cars available.")
print("There are only", drivers, "drivers available.")
print("There will be", cars_not_driven, "empty cars today.")
print("We can transport", carpool_capacity, "people today.")
print("We have", passengers, "to carpool today.")
print("We need to put about", average_passengers_per_car,
      "in each car.")

```

👉 A few things about the code above:

- The first 8 lines of code create different variables.
- The _  in space_in_a_car is called an underscore character. We use this character a lot to put an imaginary space between words in variable names.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex4
3. Step 3: Write the code found on the previous page inside the file.
4. Step 4: Run and test your code. Do the following while you are at it: 

  - [ ] Try to determine how many variables your code has.

- [ ] Try to figure out the purpose of the single equal sign in your code. (If you get stuck consider using Google).

If you need more help check out the video titled ex4 found at the top of this tutorial.

Note:

- Point 1: The atom text editor used in the video corresponds to your Jupyter Notebook.
- Point 2: Use Jupyter to run and test your code.

## 📝 Study Drills:

1. Inside ex4 write a comment above each line that explains what it does. For Example, your comment above line 1 should read.
` #Creates a variable called cars and assigns it a value of 100.`
2. Inside ex4 create a variable called Name that stores your Name.
3. Inside ex4 create a variable called age that stores your age.
4. Once you have finished the study drill submit the file you have worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

## ❓Common Student Questions

- What is the = (single equal sign)?

    The single equal sign is called the assignment operator, it assigns the value on the right to a variable on the left, for example, x=4 assigns 4 to the variable x.

- Can we write x=100 instead of x = 100? 

    You can, but it's bad form. You should add space around operators like this so that it's easier to read.

- Can I make a variable like this: 1 = “hello”?

    No, 1 is not a valid variable name because variable names cannot start with or be a number.

- What do you mean by "read the file backward"?

    Very simple. Imagine you have a file with 16 lines of code in it. Start at line 16, and compare it to my file at line 16. Then do it again for 15, and so on until you've read the whole file backward.


Session 2: Activity 2: variables, what are they?

This quiz evaluates your understanding of variables and basic Python code. It covers fundamental concepts such as the purpose of variables, the rules for creating variable names, and the role of the equal sign in Python. Additionally, questions focus on interpreting code snippets and commenting on code lines.

### Do Not Mark The Quiz Complete Until You Get All The Correct Answers!

Quiz: Variables

⏳ Duration: 20 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program that contains variables of number, text, and Boolean Data Types

## 💡Topic: what are data types?

In a computer program, you will be working with different types of data such as numbers, text, and so on. we call these Data types which are different kinds of containers that can hold different types of information. For example, a string is like a box that can hold words, and a number is like a box that holds numbers. When we write a program, it helps to know what kind of information we will be using so that our program can work correctly. When you tell someone your name, your age, or what you had for breakfast, each of those pieces of information is a different data type.

Variables can store data of different types, and different types can do different things. You can find the built-in data types Python has organized in categories in the attached picture.

Python also has more complex Data Types, but for now, knowing the ones mentioned above is enough.

👉 Note: In Python, the data type is set when you assign a value to a variable, Here is a code containing the different data types:

```
my_name = 'Christine'
my_age = 35
my_height = 1.80 # meters
my_eyes = 'Blue'
my_teeth = 'White'
my_hair = 'Brown'

#Displaying my information
print("my name is: ", my_name)

#create a variable with integer value.
a=100
print("The type of variable having value", a," is", type(a))

b=10.2345
print("The type of variable having value", b," is ", type(b))

c=100+3j
print("The type of variable having value", c,"  is ", type(c))

a = "string in a double quote"
b= 'string in a single quote'
print(a)
print(b)

# using ',' to concatenate the two or several strings

print(a, "concatenated with", b)
#using '+' to concate the two or several strings
print(a+" concated with "+b)

#create a variable with bool value
likes_football= True
has_magic= False

print("I like football: ", likes_football)
print("I am a magician: ", has_magic)

```

## 📋 Instructions:

1.  Step 1: Create a Jupyter file named ex5.
2.  Step 2: Write the code found above inside the file.
3.  Step 3: Run and evaluate your code line by line, try to figure out what each line of code does.

## 📝 Study Drills: 

These drills are to be performed on the ex5 file you just created.

1.  Go to line 9 and use the print method to display the rest of the personal information.

👉 Note: Follow the same format used on line 8 to display the others.

2. For the following two tasks refer to line 11 to see the type of comment you should add.

- Add a comment on line 17 that explains what the code on line 18 does.
- Add a comment on line 20 that explains what the code on line 21 does.

3. To the ex5 file add a variable called my_friend_name and assign it the name of your friend, After that display the name of your friend as an output.
4.  Create a variable named my_friend_age and assign it the age of your friend, use the print statement to display the sum of my_age and my_friend_age
 
  - 👉 Note: If you don’t remember how to add two numbers go back to Activity 1 and revise the code for arithmetic operators.

5. Google what “concatenating a string means” and try to explain it in your own words using a flash card. ( you don’t need to submit this task). 
6. Have you figured out what the type() method does? if not make sure you check online what it does before moving on to the next activity.
7. Once you have finished the study drill submit the file you have worked on using the following link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

## ❓ Common student questions

- What is concatenation?

    String concatenation is a fun way to join two strings together. It's like putting two pieces of a puzzle together! You can take two strings and put them together to make one longer and bigger string. For example, if you have two strings that say "hello" and "world", you can concatenate them together to make a new string that says "hello world". Concatenation is performed using either a comma ( , ) or a plus (+) symbol.


- Why do you put (single quotes) around some strings and double quotes on others?

    Mostly it's because of style, strings can be created using either single quotes or double quotes.



Session 2: Activity 3: Python Data Types

![](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EVJnJ4PVAAAZQ0c?format=jpg&name=small)
This quiz assesses your understanding of Python data types and variables. It covers essential concepts such as the purpose of data types, working with strings, and understanding different types of variables. The study drill questions focus on practical applications, including commenting on code lines, creating new variables, and performing arithmetic operations.


### Do Not Mark The Quiz As Complete Until You Got All The Answers Right

Quiz: Python Data Types

## 💡 Topic: What is debugging?

![](https://i.insider.com/5d08142c4cf27073f65ba6b7?width=700)

imagine you're baking your very first cake from a recipe. You follow the instructions step by step, mixing the ingredients, putting it in the oven, and waiting excitedly for it to bake. But when you take it out, something's not quite right—it's not as fluffy as it should be.

![](https://images.pres-outlook.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/man-confused-scratching-head-iStock-598700800-SIphotography.jpg)

Debugging in Python is like figuring out what went wrong with your cake. Maybe you accidentally used baking powder instead of baking soda, or perhaps you forgot to preheat the oven. Similarly, when you write your first Python program, you might encounter issues that prevent it from working as expected.

To debug your Python program, you need to look closely at each step, just like you'd examine each ingredient and step in your cake recipe. You might start by checking if you've spelled everything correctly and used the right syntax (like making sure you've put the right amount of flour or sugar in your cake).
![](https://i.redd.it/gw16d17c3ji21.jpg)
If something still doesn't seem right, you can use "print" statements to see what's happening at different points in your program. It's like peeking into the oven to see how your cake is baking. By printing out the values of variables or certain steps in your code, you can better understand where things might be going wrong.

![](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FRwacoWXEAAYL-f.jpg)

Once you've identified the issue, it's time to fix it, just like adjusting your recipe or baking process to get that perfect cake. Maybe you need to change the order of your instructions, fix a typo, or rewrite a part of your code to make it work correctly.


In the end, debugging in Python is all about learning from your mistakes, understanding how your code works, and making those necessary adjustments to create a program that runs smoothly—just like baking that perfect cake!

## 💡 Topic: Debugging your code using chatGPT

Imagine you're stuck on a particular problem in your code, and you're not sure how to proceed. You can turn to ChatGPT for help! By describing your issue or asking specific questions about your code, ChatGPT can provide explanations, suggest potential solutions, or even offer debugging strategies.

- Please use the following link and **learn** how to use chatGPT when your code is not working: https://www.codecademy.com/article/using-chatgpt-to-debug-python-code

⚠️ IF YOU WISH TO SUCCEED IN THE COURSE, MAKE SURE YOU COMPLETE THIS LESSON AND KNOW HOW TO DEBUG YOUR CODE USING CHATGPT! ⚠️ 

Debugging In Python

## Summary
Well Done! 🎆 You have made it to the end of the module.
 Here is what we have done so far:

- You learned what programming and programming languages are.
- You understood the importance of studying Python.
- You created your first Python program on Jupyter.
- You used the print statement to display text on the screen.
- You learned how to create comments in Python.
- You learned how to perform calculations using math symbols.
- You learned how to create variables in Python.
- You learned about the different data types Python supports.

## 🛤️ Feedback

- Fill in the feedback form: https://tally.so/r/woEPL5



Summary & Feedback

Module 1: Hello World

## 🧭Overview

Welcome to the second module in this series, you will see how to make programs that accept input from the user and how to write some code that contains logic using conditional statements.

⌛Duration:- 2 hrs.

💡 Please fill in the following form once the two hours is up regardless of how much of the module you were able to get through💡

Feedback Form: https://tally.so/r/woEPL5

### **❗❗Important Notice ❗❗❗**

All the code involving User input does not work in Jupyter Notebook so you are to write and test the code directly inside of Pydroid Instead.

Here is a list of activities affected by this bug:

1. Session one - Activity 1 (ex6)
2. Session Two - Activity 2 (ex10)
3. Session Two- Activity 3 (ex11)

## 🥅 Learning Objectives


After completing this module you will be able to:

- Write Python programs that accept user input and store it in variables.
- Understand what booleans are, and how they work, you will also be able to perform comparisons using code.
- Write code that uses conditional statements to perform different tasks, you will also be able to perform boolean logic.

## 🧰 Requirements
- You must complete Module 1: Hello World before working on the activities we have put here.

## Sessions

### Session 1: User Input, Booleans, and Comparisons

⌛ Duration: 50 mins.

- Activity 1: User Input
- Activity 2: Booleans and Comparisons
- Activity 3: Conditionals: IF statements.

### Session 2: Else, Nested conditionals, and Boolean logic

⌛Duration: 50 mins.

- Activity 1: Conditionals: Else.
- Activity 2: Nested Conditionals
- Activity 3: Conditionals: Boolean Logic.



⌛ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program that accepts input from the user.

## 💡Topic: User Input
When logging on to one of your social media accounts you are prompted to enter certain pieces of information which are accepted by the app or website you use. Most programming languages have a way to write code that accepts input from the user, Python is no exception. Here is how you accept input from a user in Python:

```
print("How old are you?", end=' ')
age = input()
print("How tall are you?", end=' ')
height = input()
print("How much do you weigh?", end=' ')
weight = input()
print(f"So, you're {age} years old, {height} tall and {weight} heavy.")
```



- We put an end=' ' at the end of each print line. This tells print to not end the line with a newline character and go to the next line.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and write the code that is found above in the explanation section.
2. Step 2: Save the file as ex6.
3. Step 3: Once finished, run your code and check if you have errors.

- In case of an error compare the code you have with the code that is provided to you or Google             
the error code displayed by Jupyter and try to find a solution.

- If you need more help check out the video at the top of this tutorial.

👉  Note:

- Point 1: The atom text editor used in the video corresponds to your Jupyter Notebook.
- Point 2: Use Jupyter to run and test your code.

## 📝 Study Drills:

1. Go online and find out what Python's input() does. ( This does not need to be submitted).
2. Add the following code to your ex6 file

```
age = input("How old are you? ")
height = input("How tall are you? ")
weight = input("How much do you weigh? ")
print(f"So, you're {age} old, {height} tall and {weight} heavy.")
```
👉 Note: For input, you can also put in a prompt to show to a person so he knows what to type. in the above code, you put a string that you want for the prompt inside the () so it prompts the user.

3. Make your program accept the name of the user’s friend.
4. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ







Session 1: Activity 1: User Input 🧑‍💻 

This quiz evaluates your understanding of accepting user input in Python. It covers the basics of using the input() function, formatting print statements, and incorporating user-provided information into your program. The study drill questions focus on practical applications, including enhancing and extending the existing code to accept additional user input.

![](https://i.chzbgr.com/full/9723859712/h8F6539B7)

### Just a friendly reminder! "Who Dares Wins!" so don't be afraid to make mistakes during your quizzes. Instead, treat each mistake like a learning opportunity!




Quiz: User Input

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program with boolean values

## 💡 Topic: Python Booleans and Comparison operators.
In programming, you often need to know if an expression is True or False. You can evaluate any expression in Python, and get one of two answers, True or False. We call the data type that represents these two values a boolean.

![](https://example.com/your-image.png)

When you compare two values using comparison operators, the expression is evaluated and Python returns the boolean answer. The picture above showcases comparison operators supported by Python.

Here is some code that uses comparison operators and displays the resulting boolean values:

```
x=50
y=100
print("x equals y : ",x == y)
print("x is not equal to y : ",x != y)
print("x is greater than y : ",x > y)
print("x is greater than or equal to y :",x == y)
print("x is less than or equal to y : ", x == y)
```

## 📋 Instructions:
1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex7.
3. Step 3: Inside ex7 write the code found above in the explanation section.
4. Step 4: Once finished, run your code and check if you have errors.

- In case of an error compare the code you have with the code provided to you or Google the error code displayed by Jupyter and try to find a solution.
## 📝 Study Drill:
For this exercise, try these things. For Each of the changes you make, check to see which expressions are affected and how they are affected.

1. Make x greater than y true.
2. Make x equals y true.
3. Make x not equal to y true.
4. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ






Session 1: Activity 2: Booleans and Comparisons ⚖️

This quiz assesses your understanding of Python Booleans and Comparison Operators. It focuses on evaluating expressions and determining the boolean outcomes based on the given code snippets. The questions cover various comparison scenarios, including equality and inequality.

Quiz: Booleans

⏳ Duration: 20 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program that uses conditional statements that alter the flow of program execution.

## 💡 Topic: Conditionals.

![](https://i.ibb.co/bXBtfW4/image1.png)

Conditionals allow you, the programmer, to allow your program to make decisions: As if your program has the choice between taking the left-hand road or the right-hand road based upon certain conditions. Conditional Statements are used alongside comparison operators to make a decision, such conditional statements are If statements that use bool or boolean values (true or false) to decide whether or not to execute a block of code.

If the statement of x > y is true, the compiler will register it as true and execute the code. Here is some code with an if statement.

```
people = 20
cats = 30
dogs = 15

if people < cats:
    print("Too many cats! The world is doomed!")
if people > cats:
    print("Not many cats! The world is saved!")
if people < dogs:
    print("The world is drooled on!")
if people > dogs:
    print("The world is dry!")

dogs += 5
if people >= dogs:
    print("People are greater than or equal to dogs.")
if people <= dogs:
    print("People are less than or equal to dogs.")

if people == dogs:
    print("People are dogs.")

```


**Note 👇**

**Point 1: Indentation**

Python relies on indentation (whitespace at the beginning of a line) to define the scope of the code. Other programming languages often use curly brackets for this purpose. This indentation can be seen in the above code where you have the print statements restricted to only execute based on the condition. In your code, a colon at the end of a line is used to tell Python you are going to create a new "block" of code, and then indenting four spaces tells Python what lines of code are in that block. without the indentation, you will most likely create a Python error. Python expects you to indent something after you end a line with a :  (colon).

**Point 2: If**

An if-statement creates what is called a "branch" in the code. It's kind of like those choose-your-own-adventure books where you are asked to turn to one page if you make one choice and another if you go a different direction. The if-statement tells your script, "If this Boolean expression is True, then run the code under it, otherwise skip it."

## 📋 Instructions:
1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex8.
3. Step 3: Inside ex8 write the code found above in the explanation section.
4. Step 4: Run your code and Evaluate your output.

- If you need more help check out the video found at the top of this tutorial.

Note: 

- Point 1: The atom text editor used in the video corresponds to your Jupyter Notebook.
- Point 2: Use Jupyter to run and test your code.

## 📝 Study Drills:
1. change the initial values of people, cats, and dogs and see what different outcomes are displayed.
2. Above each line write an English description of what the line does.
     Hint: use comments to perform this task.
3. once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

##❓ Common student questions:

- What does += mean?

    The code x += 1 is the same as doing x = x + 1 but involves less typing. You can call this the "increment by" operator.

## ☕Break Time


![](https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSaQr8WI7wCxCGmjfk75y7V5f26NRfUvZMPxT3tZv_LJ-pFMqgFTRUJv1i83iBe75CTXB0&usqp=CAU)

Take a 10-minute break and come back for session two.








Session 1: Activity 3: Conditional Statements: The If statement

This quiz evaluates your understanding of conditional statements in Python, particularly focusing on the usage of if-statements and their impact on the flow of program execution. The questions involve analyzing and predicting outcomes based on conditional expressions and boolean values.

Quiz: Conditionals - If

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program containing an if-else branching statement

## 💡 Topic: The Elif and the Else keywords
The If statements you saw in the previous activity execute a block of code when a condition is evaluated to be true, but if the condition is false it does nothing. that is where the elif keyword comes in: The elif keyword is Python's way of saying "If the previous conditions are false, then try this condition".

## 💡 Topic: Else
The else keyword catches anything that isn't caught by the preceding conditions specified using elif. Here is some code that uses the else keyword.

```
people = 30
cars = 40
trucks = 15

if cars > people:
    print("We should take the cars.")
elif cars < people:
    print("We should not take the cars.")
else:
    print("We can't decide.")

if trucks > cars:
    print("That's too many trucks.")
elif trucks < cars:
    print("Maybe we could take the trucks.")
else:
    print("We still can't decide.")

if people > trucks:
    print("Alright, let's just take the trucks.")
else:
    print("Fine, let's stay home then.")
```

👉 Check out the following video on YouTube to find out more: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FvMPfrgGeKs](url)

## 📋 Instructions:
1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex9.
3. Step 3: Inside ex9 write the code found above in the explanation section.
4. Step 4: Run your code and Evaluate your output.

- If you need more help check out the video at the top of this tutorial.
 
Note:

- Point 1: The atom text editor used in the video corresponds to your Jupyter Notebook.
- Point 2: Use Jupyter to run and test your code.

## 📝 Study Drills:
For this exercise, try these things:
1. Change the numbers of cars, people, and trucks, and then trace through each if-statement to see what will be printed.
2. Above each line write an English description of what the line does.
     
`Hint: use comments to perform this task.`

3. once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

## ❓Common student questions:

- What happens if multiple elif blocks are True?

    Python starts at the top and runs the first block which is True, so it will run only the first one.






Session 2: Activity 1: Conditionals Elif and Else

This quiz is designed to test your knowledge of Python's conditional statements, focusing on the if-elif-else structure. It covers the purpose and usage of the elif and else keywords, handling multiple conditions, and the formatting of code blocks within these statements.

Quiz: Conditionals - else and elif 

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program that uses nested conditional statements to make decisions

### 💡 Topic: Nested Conditionals

In the last activity, you wrote out a simple set of tests asking some questions. In this activity, you will ask the user questions and make decisions based on their answers. To perform such a task you will use conditional statements found nested within the blocks of other conditional statements.

Here is  a small game that uses user input and nested conditional statements:

```

print("""You enter a dark room with two doors.
Do you go through door #1 or door #2?""")

door = input("> ")

if door == "1":
    print("There's a giant bear here eating a cheese cake.")
    print("What do you do?")
    print("1. Take the cake.")
    print("2. Scream at the bear.")

    bear = input("> ")

    if bear == "1":
        print("The bear eats your face off.  Good job!")
    elif bear == "2":
        print("The bear eats your legs off.  Good job!")
    else:
        print(f"Well, doing {bear} is probably better.")
        print("Bear runs away.")

elif door == "2":
    print("You stare into the endless abyss at Cthulhu's retina.")
    print("1. Blueberries.")
    print("2. Yellow jacket clothespins.")
    print("3. Understanding revolvers yelling melodies.")

    insanity = input("> ")
    
    if insanity == "1" or insanity == "2":
        print("Your body survives powered by a mind of jello.")
        print("Good job!")
    else:
        print("The insanity rots your eyes into a pool of muck.")
        print("Good job!")

else:
    print("You stumble around and fall on a knife and die.  Good job!")

```

### 📋 Instructions:
1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and write the code that is found above in the explanation section.
2. Step 2: Save the file as ex10.
3. Step 3: Run your code and Evaluate your output.

- If you need more help check out the video at the top of the tutorial.
 
Note:

- Point 1: The atom text editor used in the video corresponds to your Jupyter Notebook.
- Point 2: Use Jupyter to run and test your code.

### 📝 Study Drills:
For this exercise, try these things:
1. Make new parts of the game and change what decisions people can make. Expand the game out as much as you can.

- 👉 Note: You must add a minimum of two new decisions, Each having a decision nested inside of them to mark this exercise as complete.

2. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ
### Common student questions:

- Can you replace elif with a sequence of if-else combinations?

    You can in some situations, but it depends on how each if/else is written. It also means that Python will check every if-else combination, rather than just the first false ones like it would with if-elif-else. Try to make some of these to figure out the differences.

- What if I wanted more options in the if-elif-else blocks?
 
    Add more elif blocks for each possible choice.


Session 2:  Activity 2: Nested Conditionals 🪆

This quiz will test your understanding of conditional statements in Python, focusing on the if, elif, and else keywords. Evaluate your knowledge by answering questions related to the purpose and behavior of these keywords in Python's decision-making structures. 

Quiz: Nested Conditonals

⏳Duration: 20 mins

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program that uses conditional statements and Boolean logic to make decisions.

## 💡 Topic: Boolean Logic

- Boolean
logic is a type of logic used in programming that helps us make decisions. You can think of it like a light switch - it can be on or off.

 - In programming, this is like True or False. We use boolean logic to tell the computer to do something when something is true, or not do it when something is false. For example, if it's raining outside, we can tell the computer to open an umbrella. 

- Boolean logic makes it easy to make decisions in programming. 
- Python has the above logical operators used to combine conditional statements to make decisions 

**Note: Boolean logic is used *everywhere *in programming. It is a fundamental part of computation, and knowing it very well is akin to knowing your scales in music.**

Here is some code with Logical operators and Boolean logic:

```
#Example for the or operator
x = int(input("What's x? "))
y = int(input("What's y? "))

if x < y or x > y:
    print("x is not equal to y")
else: 
    print("x is equal to y")

#Example for the and operator 

score = int(input("Score: "))
if score >= 90 and score <= 100: 
    print("Grade: A")
elif score >=80 and score < 90: 
    print("Grade: B")
elif score >=70 and score < 80: 
    print("Grade: C")
elif score >=60 and score < 70: 
    print("Grade: D")
else: 
    print("Grade: F")

#Example for the not operator.
isStudent=int(input("Are you a student ?: press 1 for yes 2 for no "))

if not (isStudent==1 or isStudent==2): 
    print("I don't understand")
elif isStudent==1:
    print("Aha! You are a Student!")
else:
    print("Only Students can use this program, Bye!")
```
## 📋 Instructions:
1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and Write the code that is found above in the explanation section.
2. Step 2: Save the file as ex11.
3. Step 3: Run your code and Evaluate your output.

## 📝 Study Drills:
1. Above each line write an English description of what the line does.



 `Hint: use comments to perform this task.`

2. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ





Session 2:  Activity 3: Boolean Logic + Logical Operators ➕

This quiz will assess your understanding of Boolean logic and logical operators in Python. Boolean logic is fundamental in programming, and this quiz aims to test your ability to use logical operators such as and, or, and not. It covers scenarios where boolean expressions influence decision-making in Python programs. Choose the correct option for each question and solidify your grasp on the essentials of boolean logic in programming.

Quiz: Boolean Logic

You can use the links found below to gain access to additional reading materials:

- User Input: https://www.w3schools.com/python/ref_func_input.asp
- Conditionals: https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_conditions.asp

📚 Additional Resources


## Summary

🎈 Well Done! You have made it to the end of the module, here is what we have done so far:

- You created programs that prompt the user and accept input.
- You created programs that use conditional statements, comparison operators, and logical operators along with boolean values to make decisions / alter the flow of your program control.

## 🛤️ FeedBack

- Fill in the feedback form: https://tally.so/r/woEPL5



Summary and Feedback

Module 2: User Input + Conditional Statements 

## 🧭 Overview


Welcome 👋 to the third module in the series, we will see how to perform a task multiple times using a loop, and how to store data in lists as well as dictionaries.

⌚ Duration:- 2 hrs.

💡 Please fill in the following form once the two hours are up regardless of how much of the module you were able to get through 💡

Feedback form: https://tally.so/r/woEPL5

## 🥅 Learning Objectives

After completing this module you will be able to:

- Explain what a loop is and why it is necessary.
- Use for loops and while loops for various tasks.
- Use loops to improve user input.

- Create Lists and dictionaries then you will use loops to go through the data stored within them.

## 🧰 Requirements

- You must complete all the activities in Module 2 before beginning the activities found in this module.
## Sessions

### Session 1: Loops and Lists

⌚ Duration: 50 mins.

- Activity 1:Loops+ While Loops.
- Activity 2: Lists
- Activity 3: For Loops

### Session 2: Improving user input, Lists, Length, and Dictionaries.

⌚ Duration: 50 mins.

- Activity 1: Improving user input
- Activity 2: Lists and List Length
- Activity 3: Dictionaries


Introduction

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To Create a program that uses the while loop to perform a task repeatedly.

## 💡 Topic: Loops

Loops are a way to get a computer to do something over and over again. They are really useful because they allow us to save time and effort when writing code. For example, instead of writing individual instructions to open 10 different files, you can use a loop to do the same task in one line of code. Loops can also be used to quickly find a particular item from a long list of items. So, if you have a list of 100 names and need to find just one name, a loop can help you do that quickly. Overall, loops are really helpful for making our jobs easier and faster!

![](https://i.imgflip.com/48r9pm.jpg)

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled **ex12**.
3. Step 3:Inside ex12 write the code that is found below:

```
print("meow")
print("meow")
print("meow")
```
4. Step 4: Running this code, you’ll notice that the program meows three times.

👉 Note:
- In developing as a programmer, you want to consider how one could improve areas of one’s code where one types the same thing over and over again. Imagine where one might want to “meow” 500 times. Would it be logical to type that same expression of print("meow") over and over again?
- Since it is not logical to write that expression over and over again Loops were created, Loops enable you to create a block of code that executes over and over again.

## 💡 Topic: While Loops

- The while loop is nearly universal throughout all coding languages.
- Such a loop will repeat a block of code over and over again.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: In the **ex12** file, replace your code with the following code found below:

```
i = 3
while i != 0:
    print("meow")

```

Notice how even though this code will execute print("meow") multiple times, it will never stop! It will loop forever. while loops work by repeatedly asking if the condition of the loop has been fulfilled. In this case, the compiler is asking “does i not equal zero?” When you get stuck in a loop that executes forever, you can press control-c on your keyboard to break out of the loop.

2. Step 2: To fix this loop that lasts forever, edit your code as follows:

```
i = 3
while i != 0:
  print("meow")
  i = i - 1

```
Notice that now our code executes properly, reducing i by 1  for each “iteration” through the loop. The term iteration has special significance within coding. By iteration, we mean one cycle through the loop. The first iteration is the “0th” iteration through the loop. The second is the “1st” iteration. In programming we count starting with 0, then 1, then 2.

## 📝 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Improve your code as follows:

```
i = 1
while i <= 3:
    print("meow")
    i = i + 1

```

2. Improve your code to start counting from 0 as follows:
```
i = 0
while i < 3:
    print("meow")
    i += 1

```

Notice how changing the operator to i < 3 allows our code to function as intended. We begin by counting with 0 and it iterates through our loop three times, producing three meows. Also, notice how i += 1 is the same as saying i = i + 1.

- At this point here is how your code is looking:

![](https://i.ibb.co/V9jdj1K/image10.png)


3. Make your program print meow ten times.
4. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ













Session 1: Activity 1: Loops + While Loops 🔁

This quiz will test your understanding of while loops in Python. Make sure to carefully read each question and choose the correct answer.

Quiz: Loops , While Loops

⏳Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program that uses lists to store different types of information.

## 💡 Topic: What is a List?
![](https://i.ibb.co/tCbybQG/image18.png)

- Python lists are an easy way to store and access information. They are like a box full of items, like toys or snacks. With lists, you can store different types of items, like numbers or words. You can also store other lists inside of a list.

- To create a list in Python, use square brackets [ ]. Inside the brackets, you can put items separated by a comma.For example:

      mylist = [ "dog", "cat", "mouse", 2, 3, 5]

- This list contains a string (“dog”), two other strings (“cat” and “mouse”), and three integers (2, 3, and 5).

- You can access the items in the list by their index, which is the position of the item in the list. Indexing starts at 0, so the first item in the list has an index of 0, the second item has an index of 1, and so on. To access the first item in your list, use its index like this:

      mylist[0]

- This will give you the first item in the list, which is "dog".

## 💡 Topic: What are List Items?

List Items can be of any data type. They are the items you find within a list. These items have a defined order, and that order will not change. If you add new items to a list, the new items will be placed at the end of the list. They are also chargeable meaning that we can change, add, and remove items in a list after it has been created.

![](https://i.ibb.co/S0zThL1/image39.png)

- List items are indexed, the first item has an index [0], the second item has an index [1], etc. **Since lists are indexed, lists can have items with the same value**.

 Here is some code with lists:

**⚓Code to write 👇**

```
#list with duplicate items
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry"]
print(thislist)

#changing the first item to 2000
thislist[0]=2000
print(thislist)

#A List with strings
list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(list1)
#A list with the int data type
list2 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
print(list2)
#A list with a boolean data type
list3 = [True, False, False]
print(list3)
#a list with mixed data types
list4 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]
print(list4)

#add a list item at the end of a list 
list4.append(False)
print(list4)
```


## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex13
3. Step 3: Inside ex13 write the code that is found above the “instructions” section.
4. Step 4: Run your code and Evaluate your output.

## 📝 Study Drills:

1. For this exercise, Inside ex13 try these things:
2. Create your own list and store whatever you want in it. (**Your list must have a minimum of 3 values**).
3. Use append to add two elements at the end of your list.
4. Use the print function to display the elements of your list.
5. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ



----------

![](https://i.ibb.co/SJGwj7H/image13.png)

### You are making great progress! 

   Keep Going 🏃

----------















Session 1:  Activity 2: Lists📗

In this activity, you will delve into the world of Python lists—a versatile way to store and manage different types of information. 

Quiz: Lists

⏳ Duration: 20 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program that uses a for loop to perform a repetitive task.

## 💡 Topic: What is a for loop?

![](https://i.ibb.co/wsrWhWy/image4.png)

- A for loop is a different type of loop.
- To best understand a for loop, it’s best to begin by talking about a variable type called a list in Python. As in other areas of our lives, we can have a grocery list, a to-do list, etc.
- A for loop iterates through a list of items.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex14.
3. Step 3: inside ex14 write the code found below:

```
for i in [0, 1, 2]:
    print("meow")
```

Notice how clean this code is compared to your previous while loop code. In this code, i begins with 0, meows, i is assigned 1, meows, and, finally, i is assigned 2, meows, and then ends.

4. Step 4: While this code accomplishes what we want, there are some possibilities for improving our code for extreme cases. At first glance, our code looks great. However, what if you wanted to iterate up to a million? It’s best to create code that can work with such extreme cases. Accordingly, we can improve our code as follows:

```
for i in range(3):
    print("meow")
```

Notice how range(3) provides back three values (0, 1, and 2) automatically. This code will execute and produce the intended effect, meowing three times. Put simply, the for loop tells your computer, "Start with 0 and count up to 2, and do something each time you count." The print("meow") part is what your computer will do each time it counts.


5. Step 5: Our code can be further improved. Notice how we never use i explicitly in our code. That is, while Python needs the i as a place to store the number of the iteration of the loop, we never use it for any other purpose. In Python, if such a variable does not have any other significance in our code, we can simply represent this variable as a single underscore _. Therefore, you can modify your code as follows:

```

for _ in range(3):
    print("meow")

```

6. Step 6: Our code can be further improved. To stretch your mind to the possibilities within Python, consider adding the following code to your program and running it:

```
print("meow" * 3)
```


Notice how it will meow three times, but the program will produce meowmeowmeow as the result. Consider: **How could you create a line break at the end of each meow?**

7.  Step 7: Indeed, you can edit your code as follows to create a line break at the end of each meow:

```
print("meow\n" * 3, end="")
```

Notice how this code produces three meows, each on a separate line. By adding end="" and the \\n we tell the compiler to add a line break at the end of each meow.

## 🧠 Study Drills:

For this exercise, Inside ex14 try these things:

1. Make your loop print meow 10 times.
2. Create a for loop that displays your name 7 times on the screen.
3. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

## ☕Break Time

![](https://programmerhumor.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/programmerhumor-io-python-memes-backend-memes-4645e051277a032-758x799.jpg)

Take a 10-minute break and come back for session two.


----------





Session 1: 🔂 Activity 3: For Loops.

![](https://media.makeameme.org/created/quiz-time-5ab3ef.jpg)
In this activity, you will explore the concept of for loops in Python.

Quiz For Loops

⏳ Duration: 10 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program that uses loops and conditionals to validate user input.

## 💡 Topic: What is input validation?

![](https://i.redd.it/mxgse6m2eny21.jpg)

- Input validation is the act of ensuring a user is entering the appropriate input. For example, unless you enter the correct username or password you can not log in to your social media account.
-  We can use loops as a way of validating the input of the user and a common paradigm within Python is to use a while loop to validate the input of the user.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled **ex15**
3. Step 3: Try prompting the user for a number greater than or equal to 0. Inside ex15 write the code found below:

```

while True:
    n = int(input("What's n? "))
    if n < 0:
        continue
    else:
        break

```
Notice that we’ve introduced two new keywords in Python, continue and break.  continue explicitly tells Python to go to the next iteration of the loop. break, on the other hand, tells Python to “break out” of a loop early before it has finished all of its iterations. In this case, we’ll continue to the next iteration of the loop when n is less than 0 ultimately prompting the user with “What’s n?”. If though, n is greater than or equal to 0, we’ll break out of the loop and allow the rest of our program to run.

4. Step 4: It turns out that the continue keyword is redundant in this case. We can improve our code as follows:

```

while True:
    n = int(input("What's n? "))
    if n > 0:
        break

for _ in range(n):
    print("meow")

```
Notice how this while loop will always run (forever) until n is greater than 0. When n is greater than 0, the loop breaks.

## 📝Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Add the following code to your  **ex15** file:

```

while True:
    n =  str(input("What's n? "))
    if n == 'a':
        break

for _ in range(3):
    print("meow")

```

2. Modify your code to print meow 20 times when the user enters the letter m.
3. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

## ❓ Common student questions:

- What is the == Sign?

    == is a comparison operator in Python. It is used to compare two values to see if they are equal. For example, if you have two numbers, 5 and 5, you can use == to see if they are the same. If they are, then the answer is True; if they are not, then the answer is False. The == operator is very useful for understanding how a program works because it helps us to understand which parts of the program are working correctly and which are not.



Session 2:  Activity 1: Improving user input  🧑‍💻

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program that displays elements of a list one by one

## 💡 Topic: Looping through Lists

Looping through lists in Python is a fundamental concept, allowing you to iterate through list elements for various tasks. Python provides multiple methods for iteration, including for loops, while loops, and list comprehensions. These techniques empower you to efficiently process, transform, and manipulate data within lists. Mastery of list iteration is crucial for effective data handling and manipulation in Python.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex16.
3. Step 3: Inside ex16, Write the code that is found below:

```

students = ["Hermoine", "Harry", "Ron"]

print(students[0])
print(students[1])
print(students[2])

```
Notice how we have a list of students with their names as above. We then print the student who is at the 0th location, “Hermoine”. Each of the other students are printed as well.

4. Step 4: Just as we illustrated previously when talking about loops, we can use a loop to iterate over the list. You can improve your code as follows:

```

students = ["Hermoine", "Harry", "Ron"]

for student in students:
    print(student)

```
Notice that for each student in the studentslist, it will print the student as intended. You might wonder why we did not use the _ designation as discussed prior. We choose not to do this because student is explicitly used in our code.

- You can learn more in Python’s documentation of lists: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-lists

## 💡 Topic: List Length

- We can utilize len as a way of checking the length of the list called students.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Imagine that you don’t simply want to print the name of the student, but also their position in the list. To accomplish this, you can edit your code as follows:

```

students = ["Hermoine", "Harry", "Ron"]

for i in range(len(students)):
    print(i + 1, students[i])

```
Notice how executing this code results in not only getting the position of each student plus one using i + 1, but also prints the name of each student. len allows you to dynamically see how long the list of students is regardless of how much it grows.

- You can learn more in Python’s documentation of len: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html?highlight=len#len

## 📝 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things inside the ex16 file you have been working on:

1. Add your name to the list of students.
2. Change the first name in the list of students to “Jack”.
3. Add the following code to your program:

```

print(len(students)

```

4. Write a comment above the line you added in study drill 3 explaining what it does.
5. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

Session 2: 📏Activity 2: Looping through lists and List Length

In this activity, you'll delve into the essential concept of looping through lists in Python. Understanding how to iterate through lists is crucial for efficiently working with data and performing various tasks on a collection of items.


Quiz: Looping Through Lists

⏳ Duration: 25 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program that utilizes dictionaries to store key-value pairs.

## 💡 Topic: What are dictionaries?


dicts or dictionaries is a data structure that allows you to associate keys with values. It is Just like a normal dictionary where you use a word as a key and try to find its definition which is found in the book as a value.

**Where a list is a list of multiple values, a dict associates a key with a value.**

Example: Considering the houses of Hogwarts, we might assign specific students to specific houses.
![](https://i.ibb.co/FwNdzqw/image36.png)

We could use lists alone to accomplish this:

```

students = ["Hermoine", "Harry", "Ron", "Draco"]
houses = ["Gryffindor", "Gryffindor", "Griffindor", "Slytherin"]

```

Notice that we can promise that we will always keep these lists in order. The individual at the first position of students is associated with the house at the first position of the houses list, and so on. However, this can become quite cumbersome as our lists grow!

## 📋 Instructions:

- Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
- Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex17
- Step 3: Inside ex17, we can better our code using a dict as follows:

```

students= {
    "Hermoine": "Gryffindor",
    "Harry": "Gryffindor",
    "Ron": "Gryffindor",
    "Draco": "Slytherin",
}
print(students["Hermoine"])
print(students["Harry"])
print(students["Ron"])
print(students["Draco"])
```

Notice how we use {} curly braces to create a dictionary. Where lists use numbers to iterate through the list, dicts allow us to use words.

4. Step 4: Run your code and make sure your output is as follows:

```

Gryffindor
Gryffindor
Gryffindor
Slytherin

```

5. Step 5: We can improve our code as follows:

```

students = {
    "Hermoine": "Gryffindor",
    "Harry": "Gryffindor",
    "Ron": "Gryffindor",
    "Draco": "Slytherin",
}
for student in students:
    print(student)
```
Notice how executing this code, the for loop will only iterate through all the keys, resulting in a list of the names of the students. How could we print out both values and keys?

6.  Step 6: To print out both values and keys, modify your code as follows:

```

students = {
    "Hermoine": "Gryffindor",
    "Harry": "Gryffindor",
    "Ron": "Gryffindor",
    "Draco": "Slytherin",
}
for student in students:
    print(student, students[student])

```
Notice how students[student] will go to each student’s key and find the value of their house. Execute your code and you’ll notice how the output is a bit messy.

7.  Step 7: We can clean up the print function by improving our code as follows:

```

students = {
    "Hermoine": "Gryffindor",
    "Harry": "Gryffindor",
    "Ron": "Gryffindor",
    "Draco": "Slytherin",
}
for student in students:
    print(student, students[student], sep=", ")
```

Notice how this creates a clean separation of a , between each item printed.

8. Step 8: Run your program. When doing so, you should see the following:

```

Hermoine, Gryffindor
Harry, Gryffindor
Ron, Gryffindor
Draco, Slytherin
```

## 📝 Study Drills:

1. What if we have more information about our students? How could we associate more data with each of the students?
![](https://i.ibb.co/pb5vgCq/image2.png)

Write The following code inside your ex17 file:

```

students = [
    {"name": "Hermoine", "house": "Gryffindor", "patronus": "Otter"},
    {"name": "Harry", "house": "Gryffindor", "patronus": "Stag"},
    {"name": "Ron", "house": "Gryffindor", "patronus": "Jack Russell terrier"},
    {"name": "Draco", "house": "Slytherin", "patronus": None},
]
```

Notice how this code creates a list of dicts. The list called students has four dicts within it: One for each student. Also, notice that Python has a special None designation where there is no value associated with a key.

2. Now, you have access to a whole host of interesting data about these students. Now, further, modify your code as follows:

```
students = [
    {"name": "Hermoine", "house": "Gryffindor", "patronus": "Otter"},
    {"name": "Harry", "house": "Gryffindor", "patronus": "Stag"},
    {"name": "Ron", "house": "Gryffindor", "patronus": "Jack Russell terrier"},
    {"name": "Draco", "house": "Slytherin", "patronus": None},
]

for student in students:
    print(student["name"], student["house"], student["patronus"], sep=", ")
```

3. Analyze your program line by line, then add a comment explaining what each block/line of code does.
4. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ




Session 2: Activity 3: Dictionaries  📖

In this activity, you'll explore the concept of dictionaries in Python, a data structure that associates keys with values. 

Quiz: Dictionaries

# Summary

Well Done! You have made it to the end of the module, here is what we have done so far:

- You learned how to use loops to validate user input , and go through lists and dictionaries.
- You learned how to create and use lists along with dictionaries to store information.

# **Feedback**

💡 Please fill in the following form once the two hours are up regardless of how much of the module you were able to get through 💡

Feedback form: https://tally.so/r/woEPL5

You can use the links found below to gain access to additional reading materials:

- Loops: https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_while_loops.asp
- Lists: https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_lists.asp
- Dictionaries:https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_dictionaries.asp

Module 3: Lists, Loops, and Dictionaries. 

## 🧭 Overview

Welcome to the fourth module in this series, here you will learn what functions are, and how you can make your own functions or use pre-existing ones to accomplish a task, you will also learn how to pass information to functions.

⌚  Duration:- 2 hrs.

💡 Please fill in the following form once the two hours are up regardless of how much of the module you were able to get through 💡

Feedback form: https://tally.so/r/woEPL5

## 🥅 Learning Objectives

After completing this module you will be able to:

- [ ] Use pre-defined functions to perform different tasks.
- [ ] Create your own functions with different types of parameters,
- [ ] Use Nested loops to solve certain programming problems.
- [ ] Create and use both local and global functions as needed.
- [ ] Use list functions to manipulate data stored in lists.

## 🧰 Requirements


- You must complete all the activities in module 3 before beginning the activities found in this module.

## Sessions

### Session 1: Functions, Parameters, and Returning Values

⌚ Duration: 50 mins.

1. Activity 1: Functions, What are they?
2. Activity 2: Making your own functions.
3. Activity 3:Returning values

### Session 2: Nested Loops, Scoping, and List functions

⌚ Duration: 50 mins.

- Activity 1: Mario Using Functions and Nested Loops.
- Activity 2: Variable Scoping.
- Activity 3: List Functions





⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program containing pre-defined and user-defined functions.

## 💡 Topic: What is a function?


- Functions are verbs or actions that the computer or computer language will already know how to perform.
- In your previous programs, the print function knows how to print to the terminal window.
- The print function takes arguments. Arguments are what you write in between the parenthesis of the print function when coding.
- The act of writing code such as this one: print(”meow”) to make the function do something is called calling a function.
- In Python, we have two types of functions. We have functions like the print function that you have used so far which are built by other people. We also can make functions of our own using the def keyword.
- Here is some code with functions in it:

```

#This is a function created by someone else. 
print("Hello")

#This is me creating a function that adds numbers
def add_numbers (num1, num2): 
    return num1 + num2

#This is me calling my function that adds numbers 
print(add_numbers (4,5))


```

The add_numbers function takes two numbers, called num1 and num2, and it returns their sum. You can call the function by writing its name and putting two numbers inside the parentheses.

For example, add_numbers(4, 5)will give you 9.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex18
3. Step 3: Write the code that is found above in the explanation section.
4. Step 4: Run your code and Evaluate your output.
## 📝 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Modify your function to add three numbers.
2. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

Session 1: Activity 1: Functions, What are they?

In this activity, you'll delve into the concept of functions in Python. You'll encounter questions on both pre-defined functions, like the familiar print function, and user-defined functions.

Quiz: Functions

⏳ Duration: 20 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program containing a function you created yourself.

## 💡 Topic: def

The def keyword is used to create functions, you can use def to create a function of your own as follows:

⚓ Code To Write ⬇️

```

# create our own function
def hello():
    print("hello")

#Output using our own function
name = input("What's your name? ")
hello()
print(name)
```

👁️‍🗨️Notice that everything under def hello() is indented. Python is an indented language. It uses indentation to understand what is part of the above function. Therefore, everything in the hello function must be indented. **When something is not indented, it treats it as if it is not inside the hello function.**

## 📋Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex19.
3. Step 3: Inside ex19. write the code that is found above in the explanation section.
4. Step 4: Run your code. You should have the following output but with a different name:

![](https://i.ibb.co/5jWmkNf/image19.png)

👁️‍🗨️Notice how we have hello and Simon on separate lines. That is not what we want, instead, we want both words to be on the same line like this: hello Simon.

5.  Step 5: We can further improve our code to display both words on the same line as follows:

```

# create our own function
def hello(to):
    print("hello,",to)

# Output using our own function
name = input("What's your name? ")
hello(name)
```
Here, in the first lines, you are creating your hello function. This time, however, you are telling the compiler that this function takes a single parameter: a variable called to. Therefore, when you call hello(name) the computer passes name into the hello function as to. This is how we pass values/information into functions. Very useful! Running your program in the terminal window, you’ll see that the output is much closer to our ideal presented earlier in this module. **Note: Parameters are arguments that can be taken by a function.**

6. Step 6: We can change our code to add a default value to hello:
```

# create our own function
def hello(to):
    print("hello,",to)

# Output using our own function
name = input("What's your name? ")
hello(name)

# Output without passing the expected arguments
hello()
```
💻Test out your code yourself. Notice how the first hello will behave as you might expect and the second hello, which is not passed a value, will by default output hello, world. This is because we are using a default parameter value in the first function by saying to= "world" so when we call the function without the expected arguments it uses the default value.

7. Step 7: We don’t have to have our function at the start of our program. We can move it down, but we need to tell the compiler that we have a main function and we have a separate hello function. Modify your code to look  like the code below ⬇️

```
def main():

    # Output using our own function
    name = input("What's your name? ")
    hello(name)

    # Output without passing the expected arguments
    hello()

# Create our own function
def hello(to="world"):
    print("hello,", to)

```
This alone, however, will create an error of sorts. If we run our program nothing happens! The reason for this is that nothing in this code is calling the main function and bringing our program to life.

8. Step 8: Make the following very small modification to call the main function and restore your program to working order:

```
def main():

    # Output using our own function
     name = input("What's your name? ")
    hello(name)

    # Output without passing the expected arguments
    hello()

# Create our own function
def hello(to="world"):
    print("hello,", to)

main()
```
## 📝 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. make your hello function accept another parameter called myName.
2. give myName a default value: make it your name.
3. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ


Session 1: Activity 2: Making your own functions

In the previous sessions, you dove into the world of Python functions. Test your understanding with the quiz questions above :)

Quiz: User Defined Functions

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program containing a function that returns values.

## 💡 Topic: Returning values

You can imagine many scenarios where you don’t just want a function to perform an action, but also to return a value back to the main function. For example, rather than simply printing the calculation of x + y, you may want a function to return the value of this calculation back to another part of your program. This “passing back” of a value we call a return value. We have done this in the add_numbers function we created in ex18 earlier today.

Here is a program that returns the square of a number:

⚓ Code To Write ⬇️

```

def main():
    x = int(input("What's x? "))
    print("x squared is", square(x))

def square(n): 
    return n * n

main()
```
## 📋Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex20.
3. Step 3: Write the code that is found above in the explanation section.
4. Step 4: Run your code and Evaluate your output.

## 📝 Study Drills:

For this exercise try the following:

- Analyze your code line by line, and write a comment above each line explaining what the line/block does.
- Change your code to look as follows:
```
def main():
    x = int(input("What's x? "))
    print("x squared is", square(x,3))

def square(n): 
    return n * n

main()
```
**When you run your program you will run into an error. Figure out what caused that error and why, then fix your code to get it working again.**

3. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

## ☕Break Time

![](https://media1.tenor.com/m/FxCJGKCeVBIAAAAC/take-a-break-break.gif)
Take a 10-minute break and come back for session two.



Session 1: Activity 3: Returning values

This session delves into the concept of returning values from functions in Python you just covered.  Understanding how functions can not only perform actions but also provide values back to the main program is crucial. Engage with the questions to solidify your comprehension.

Quiz: Returning Values

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a textual representation of the brick layout in the classic game Mario in our program using functions and nested loops.

## 💡Topic: Nested Loops

Nested loops are a type of looping structure in which one loop resides inside another loop. This type of looping is incredibly useful because it allows us to iterate through multiple sets of data at the same time.

For example, consider a situation where you have a matrix of data and you need to find the sum of each row in the matrix. Using nested loops, you can easily iterate through the rows and columns of the matrix and calculate the sum of each row.

```
matrix = [[2, 3, 4],
          [1, 5, 7],
          [6, 9, 8]]

# Iterate through rows and columns
total = 0
for row in matrix:
    for element in row:
        total += element

# Print the sum of all elements
print(total)
```
The output of this code would be 37, which is the sum of all the elements in the matrix. Nested loops are an incredibly powerful tool, and they are used in many different programming tasks.

- [ ] 
 Remember
 that the classic game Mario has a hero jumping over bricks. Let’s create a textual representation of this game.
![](https://i.ibb.co/KLZDWkT/image3.png)

## 📋Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex21.
3. Step 3: Inside ex21, Begin coding as follows:

```

print("#")
print("#")
print("#")
```
👁️‍🗨️Notice how we are copying and pasting the same code over and over again.


4. Step 4: consider how we could better the code as follows:
```

for _ in range(3):
    print("#")

```

👁️‍🗨️ Notice how this accomplishes essentially what we want to create.

5. Step 5: Consider: Could we further abstract for solving more sophisticated 

```

def main():
    print_column(3)

def print_column(height): 
    for _ in range(height): 
        print("#")

main()
```
👁️‍🗨️Notice how our column can grow as much as we want without any hard coding.

6. Step 6: Now, let’s try to print a row horizontally. Modify your code as follows:
```

def main():
    print_row(4)

def print_row(width): 
    print("?" * width)  

main()
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice how we now have code that can create left-to-right blocks.

- [ ] Examining
the picture below, notice how Mario has both rows and columns of blocks.
![](https://i.ibb.co/QNj8kB4/image21.png)


7. Step 7: Consider, how could we implement both rows and columns within our code. Modify your code as follows:

```
def main():
    print_square(3)


def print_square(size):

    # For each row in square
    for i in range(size):

        # For each brick in row
        for j in range(size):

            #  Print brick
            print("#", end="")

        # Print blank line
        print()


main()
```

👁️‍🗨️Notice that we have an outer loop addresses each row in the square. Then, we have an inner loop that prints a brick in each row. Finally, we have a print statement that prints a blank line.

8. Step 8: We can further abstract away our code as follows:

```
def main():
    print_square(3)


def print_square(size):
    for i in range(size):
        print_row(size)


def print_row(width):
    print("#" * width)


main()
```

## 📝Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Analyze your code line by line, and write a comment above each line/block describing what it does.
2. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ






Session 2: Activity 1: Mario  ♣️ 

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program containing both global and local variables.

## 💡 Topic: Variable Scoping

Variable scoping is an important concept to understand when it comes to writing code in Python. Variable scoping refers to how variables can be used inside and outside of a function. When a variable is created outside of a function, it is said to be a global variable and can be used inside the function. However, when a variable is created inside a function, it is considered a local variable and can only be used within the function.

For example, take a look at this code:

```
x = 10

def addTwo():
    y = 2
    return x + y

print(addTwo())
```
In this code, x is a global variable and y is a local variable. x can be used both inside and outside of the function addTwo(), but y can only be used inside the addTwo()function. When we run the code, it will print out 12.
## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex22.
3. Step 3: Inside ex22. write the code that is found above in the explanation section.
4. Step 4: Run your code and evaluate your output.
## 📝 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Add a global variable called J which has a value of 20.
2. Add a local variable inside addTwo called k which has a value of 30.
3. Modify your function to add the four numbers you now have in your code.
4. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

Session 2: Activity 2: Variable Scoping

This quiz focuses on variable scoping in Python, introducing the concepts of global and local variables. The goal is to deepen your understanding of variable scoping and its implications in Python programming.

Quiz: Variable Scoping

⏳ Duration: 20 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program that uses list functions to manipulate data.

## 💡 Topic: List Functions

Python provides a variety of functions and methods to help you store, sort, and manipulate data in a list. Here are a couple of examples:

### append()
The append() function adds an item to the end of a list. Here's an example of how it works:

⚓Code To Write ⬇️

```
# create a sample list
my_list = [1, 2, 3]

# add 4 to the list using append()
my_list.append(4)

# my_list now contains [1, 2, 3, 4]
```

### extend()

This function allows you to add multiple items at once to the end of an existing list. Here's an example:

⚓Code To Write ⬇️

```
my_list = [1, 2, 3]

# add 4, 5, and 6 to the end of the list
my_list.extend([4, 5, 6])

print(my_list) 
# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
```

### pop()

The pop() function removes an item from the end of a list. Here's an example of how it works:

⚓Code To Write ⬇️

```
# create a sample list
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]

# remove the last item using pop()
popped_item = my_list.pop()

# my_list now contains [1, 2, 3]
# popped_item contains 4

```
### insert()

The insert() function adds an item to a list at a given index. Here's an example of how it works:

⚓Code To Write ⬇️

```
# create a sample list
my_list = [1, 2, 3]

# add 4 to the list at index position 2
my_list.insert(2, 4)

# my_list now contains [1, 2, 4, 3]

```
### remove()

The remove() function removes an item from a list. Here's an example of how it works:

⚓Code To Write ⬇️

```
# create a sample list
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]

# remove the item at index position 2
my_list.remove(3)

# my_list now contains [1, 2, 4]

```
### sort()

This function allows you to sort the items in a list in alphabetical or numerical  order  Here is how it works:

⚓Code To Write ⬇️

```
my_list = [3, 1, 4, 2]

# sort the list
my_list.sort()

print(my_list) 
# [1, 2, 3, 4]

```

These are just a few of the list functions found in Python. With practice, you can learn to use the other list functions to do even more cool things with lists!
## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex23.
3. Step 3: Inside ex23. write and test each of the code snippets provided as an example for each function. (You are required to write all the examples in ONE file)

## 📝 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Clear all the code you wrote inside your ex23 file and replace it with the following:

```

my_list= [3,1,4,2,20,10,5,6,7]

```

2. Use append() to add a value of 20 at the end of my_list
3. Use extend() to add the following values into my_list: [100,200,300]
4. Use insert() to add the value 60 at index position 5.
5. Use remove() to remove the value 300 from my_list.
6. Use the sort() function to sort my_list.
7. Use the pop() function to remove the last element of my_list.
8. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

Session 2: Activity 3: List Functions

This quiz is designed to test your understanding of Python list functions and their manipulation. You will be asked questions related to appending, extending, popping, inserting, removing, and sorting elements in lists. Ensure you thoroughly understand the examples provided and the study drills in exercise 23.

Quiz: List Functions

- Functions: https://youtu.be/u-OmVr_fT4s?list=PLTjRvDozrdlxj5wgH4qkvwSOdHLOCx10f
- Looping Over Lists: https://youtu.be/9ueMumuFv6g?list=PLTjRvDozrdlxj5wgH4qkvwSOdHLOCx10f


📚Additional Resources 

## Summary

👏Well Done! You have made it to the end of the module!👏 
Here is what we have done so far 👇

- You made your own functions having several parameters.
- You used the concept of functions and nested loops to make a graphical representation of the Mario game.
- You used list functions to, add, remove, and sort elements of a list.

## 🛤️Feedback

- Fill in the feedback form: https://tally.so/r/woEPL5

Module 4: Functions, Nested Loops, Variable Scoping and List Functions

## 🧭 Overview

👋 Welcome to the fifth module in the series. In this module, you will be learning about the concept of Exceptions and the different ways to handle them. 👋

⌚Duration:- 2 hrs.

💡 Please fill in the following form once the two hours are up regardless of how much of the module you were able to get through 💡

Feedback Form: https://tally.so/r/woEPL5

### ❗❗❗Important Notice ❗❗❗

In case you run into code that does not work in Jupyter Notebook write and test it directly inside of Pydroid Instead.

## 🥅Learning Objectives

After completing this module you will be able to:

- [ ] Understand the concept of exceptions and runtime errors.
- [ ] Use try and else to handle multiple exceptions.
- [ ] Use pass to prevent errors in code.

## 🧰 Requirements

- You must complete all the activities in module 4 before beginning the activities found in this module.

## Sessions

### Session 1: Exceptions and Error Handling

⏳ Duration: 50 mins.

- Activity 1: Exceptions and runtime errors.
- Activity 2: Error handling using try
- Activity 3: Error handling using else

### Session 2: Using Pass

⏳	Duration: 50 mins.

- Activity 1: Creating a function to get an Integer.
- Activity 2: Using pass for more functionality..
- Activity 3: Reflection.


⏳ Duration: 10 mins.

🎯 Goal: To Understand the concept of exceptions and runtime errors.

## 💡 Topic: Exceptions


- Exceptions are things that go wrong within our coding.

- Create a new Jupyter file and type as follows (with the intentional errors included):

```
print("hello,world)
```
 👁️‍🗨️ Notice that we intentionally left out a quotation mark.
- Running our program in our terminal widow, an error is outputted. The compiler states that it is a “syntax error.” Syntax errors are those that require you to double-check that you typed in your code correction.
- You can learn more in Python’s documentation of Errors and Exceptions: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html

## 💡 Topic: Runtime Errors

- Runtime errors refer to those created by unexpected behavior within your code. For example, perhaps you intended for a user to input a number, but they input a character instead. Your program may throw an error because of this unexpected input from the user.
- Create a new Jupyter file and type as follows:

```
x = int(input("What's x? "))
print(f"x is {x}")
```

Notice that by including the f, we tell Python to interpolate what is in the curly braces as the value of x. Further, testing out your code, you can imagine how one could easily type in a string or a character instead of a number. Even still, a user could type nothing at all – simply hitting the enter key.
- As programmers, we should be defensive to ensure that our users are entering what we expect. We might consider “corner cases” such as -1, 0, or cat.
- If we run this program and type in “cat”, we’ll suddenly see ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'cat' Essentially, the Python interpreter does not like that we passed “cat” to the print function.
- An effective strategy to fix this potential error would be to create “error handling” to ensure the user behaves as we intend.
- You can learn more in Python’s documentation of Errors and Exceptions: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html








Session 1: 🚨 Activity 1: Exceptions and Runtime errors. 

This quiz aims to assess your understanding of exceptions and runtime errors in Python. Focus on recognizing syntax errors and handling runtime errors through effective error-handling mechanisms.

Quiz: Exceptions

**In Python try and except are ways of testing out user input before something goes wrong.**
## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex24.
3. Step 3: inside ex24, write the code that is found below:

```
try:
    x = int(input("What's x?"))
    print(f"x is {x}")
except ValueError:
    print("x is not an integer")
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice how running this code, inputting 50 will be accepted. However, typing in cat will produce an error visible to the user, instructing them why their input was not accepted.

- This is still not the best way to implement this code. Notice that we are trying to do two lines of code. For best practice, we should only try the fewest lines of code possible that we are concerned could fail.

4. Step 4: Adjust your code as follows:

```
try:
    x = int(input("What's x?"))
except ValueError:
    print("x is not an integer")

print(f"x is {x}")
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that while this accomplishes our goal of trying as few lines as possible, we now face a new error! We face a NameError where x is not defined. Look at this code and consider: Why is x not defined in some cases?

- Indeed, if you examine the order of operations in x = int(input("What's x?")), working right to left, it could take an incorrectly inputted character and attempt to assign it as an integer. If this fails, the assignment of the value of x never occurs. Therefore, there is no x to print on our final line of code.

## 📝 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Analyze your code line by line, and write a comment above each line explaining what the line/block does.
2. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

Session 1: Activity 2: Error Handling using try

This quiz will test your understanding of using try and except blocks to manage user input.

Quiz: try

⏳ Duration: 15mins

🎯Goal: To create a program that uses try and else in order to deal with errors we might come along
## 💡 Topic: else

- It turns out that there is another way to implement try that could catch errors.

## 📋Instructions:


1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex25
3. Step 3: inside ex25, write the code that is found below:

```
try: x = int(input("What's x?"))
except ValueError: print("x is not an integer")
else: print(f"x is {x}")
```

👁️‍🗨️ Notice that if no exception occurs, it will then run the block of code within else. Running python number.py and supplying 50, you’ll notice that the result will be printed. Trying again, this time supplying cat, you’ll notice that the program now catches the error.

4. Step 4: Considering improving our code, notice that we are being a bit rude to our users. If our user does not cooperate, we currently simply end our program. Consider how we can use a loop to prompt the user for x and if they don’t prompt again! Improve your code as follows:

```
while True:
    try:
        x = int(input("What's x?"))
    except ValueError:
        print("x is not an integer")
    else:
        break

print(f"x is {x}")
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that while True will loop forever. If the user succeeds in supplying the correct input, we can break from the loop and then print the output. Now, a user who inputs something incorrectly will be asked for input again.

## 📋 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Analyze your code line by line, and write a comment above each line explaining what the line/block does.
2. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

## ❓ Common Student Questions

- What is the purpose of the “finally” block in exception handling?

The `finally` block ensures a piece of code is always executed, whether there's an issue (exception) or not in the main part of the code (`try` block). It's like a safety net for actions that need to happen, regardless of errors.
![](https://i.ibb.co/ySZCrqf/image7.png)


Common use cases for the ‘finally’ block include:

1. Cleanup operations: Closing files, releasing network connections, or freeing up any resources acquired in the try block.
2. Finalization: Performing actions that must be done regardless of whether an exception occurred, such as logging, updating status, or sending notifications.
3. Resource deallocation: Ensuring that resources, like database connections or allocated memory, are properly released, preventing potential resource leaks.

- In Python, Can we have multiple except blocks for a single try block? If so, how do they work?

Yes, in Python, you can have multiple except blocks for a single try block. Each except block can handle a specific type of exception. This allows you to have different handling mechanisms for different types of exceptions.

Here's the basic syntax:

![](https://i.ibb.co/xSN2wJQ/image9.png)

In
this structure, if an exception of type ExceptionType1 occurs in the try block, the corresponding except ExceptionType1 block will be executed. If a different type of exception, say ExceptionType2, occurs, the except ExceptionType2 block will be executed. You can have as many except blocks as needed to handle different exception types.

It's important to note that the order of the except blocks matters. Python will execute the first except block that matches the type of the raised exception. If you have more generic except blocks, they should come after the more specific ones, as the first matching block will be executed.
Here's an example:
![](https://i.ibb.co/Q9V441f/image3.png)

In this example, the ZeroDivisionError is caught by the first except ZeroDivisionError block, and the more general ArithmeticError block is not executed in this case.

![](https://i.ibb.co/XC39gbc/image20.png)

- [ ] Still
don’t understand exception handling ❓
Here is a free resource 📖  you can check out: https://www.datacamp.com/tutorial/exception-handling-python
## ☕Break Time
![](https://i.ibb.co/syfc8xH/image13.png)

⛺ Take a 10-minute break and come back for session two.


----------






Session 1: Activity 3: Error handling using try and else

This quiz will test your understanding of using try, except, and else blocks in Python, particularly for handling errors and improving user interaction.

Quiz: try and else

⏳Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program that contains a function that accepts an integer from the user.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex26
3. Step 3: inside ex26, write the code that is found below:

```
defmain():
    x= get_int()
    print(f"x is {x}")


defget_int():
    while True:
        try:
            x= int(input("What's x?"))
        except ValueError:
            print("x is not an integer")
        else:
            break
    return x


main()
```
Notice that we are manifesting many great properties. First, we have abstracted away the ability to get an integer. Now, this whole program boils down to the first three lines of the program.
4. Step 4: Even still, we can improve this program. Consider what else you could do to improve this program. Modify your code as follows:

```
def main():
    x = get_int()
    print(f"x is {x}")


def get_int():
    while True:
        try:
            x = int(input("What's x?"))
        except ValueError:
            print("x is not an integer")
        else:
            return x


main()
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that return will not only break you out of a loop, but it will also return a value.

5. Step 5: Some people may argue you could do the following:

```
def main():
    x = get_int()
    print(f"x is {x}")


def get_int():
    while True:
        try:
            return int(input("What's x?"))
        except ValueError:
            print("x is not an integer")


main()
```

👁️‍🗨️ Notice this does the same thing as the previous iteration of our code, simply with fewer lines.

## 📝 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Analyze your code line by line, and write a comment above each line explaining what the line/block does.
2. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ


Session 2: Activity 1: Creating a function to get an integer.

⏳ Duration: 10 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program that uses pass.

## 💡 Topic: pass

Pass in Python is a statement that is used to indicate that no further processing of the code is required. It allows the code to remain syntactically correct even if there is no statement within the code block.

For example, if you wanted to define a function that calculates the sum of two numbers, you would use pass like this:

```
def sum_numbers(a, b):
    # This is where your code goes
    pass

```

In this code, the pass statement will not affect the functionality of the function. It is used to indicate that the code block is complete, even though there is no code within the body of the function.

Pass also allows you to catch errors in your code before running it. For example, if you have a function that checks for a certain condition and then does something, you can use pass to indicate that the code should not execute if the condition is not met.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex27.
3. Step 3: inside ex27, write the code that is found below:

```
def main(): x = get_int() print(f"x is {x}")
def get_int(): while True: try: return int(input("What's x?")) except ValueError: pass
main()
```

👁️‍🗨️ Notice that our code will still function but will not repeatedly inform the user of their error. In some cases, you’ll want to be very clear to the user about what error is being produced. Other times, you might decide that you simply want to ask them for input again.

4. Step 4: One final refinement that could improve the implementation of this get_int function. Right now, notice that we are relying currently upon the honor system that the x is in both the main and get_int functions. We probably want to pass in a prompt that the user sees when asked for input. Modify your code as follows.

```
def main():
    x = get_int("What's x? ")
    print(f"x is {x}")


def get_int(prompt):
    while True:
        try:
            return int(input(prompt))
        except ValueError:
            pass


main()
```
📖You can learn more in Python’s documentation of pass: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#pass-statements

5. Step 5: Run your code and Evaluate your output.

## 📝 Study Drills:
For this exercise, try these things:

1. Analyze your code line by line, and write a comment above each line explaining what the line/block does.
2. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ


Session 2: Activity 2: Using pass for more functionality

This quiz will test your understanding of functions, error handling with try-except, and the use of pass in Python

Quiz:  Functions and pass


⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To reflect on your learning journey so far.

## 💡 Topic: Why is it important to reflect?

Reflection is an important step in the learning process for coding. It allows a person, even a five-year-old, to think about what they have done and how they can improve in the future. Reflection helps to identify areas where a person can learn and grow and apply what they have learned. Reflection helps to develop problem-solving skills and encourages a person to take more ownership of their learning. Reflection can also help a person discover their interests and passions related to coding, which can open up a whole new world of possibilities and opportunities.

## 📋Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to the following link and **Download ** the document as a Microsoft Word file: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nxa7rchHlPEKksuJQd79cXpDnCOM2K1sV-LNNKHno8A/edit#heading=h.l8yoalkz202q
2. Step 2: Take time to answer all the questions inside the document. ( **The longer and more detailed your answers the better**
3.  Step 3: Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ


Session 2: Activity 3: Reflection.

- CS50 Exceptions: https://youtu.be/LW7g1169v7w
- Pass in Python: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYegtY08h0Y


## Summary

🥂 Well Done! You have made it to the end of the module, here is what we have done so far:

- We used try and else to handle errors/exceptions and notify our users.
- We used pass to add more functionality to our exception handling code.

## 🛣️ Feedback
1. Fill in the TypeForm https://tally.so/r/woEPL5

Module 5: Exceptions

## 🧭Overview

Welcome to the sixth module in the series. In this module, you will learn how to make Python libraries or use the ones made by others. You will also delve a bit deeper into data types such as strings, numbers, and floats. As always, be mindful of your indentations and happy coding 🙂

⌚ Duration:- 2 hrs.

💡 Please fill in the following form once the two hours are up regardless of how much of the module you were able to get through 💡
Feedback Form:  https://tally.so/r/woEPL5

### 📼 Reference video 

You can use the following link to gain access to a reference video about the topics covered: https://video.cs50.io/MztLZWibctI?start=0

## 🥅 Learning Objectives

After completing this module you will be able to:

- [ ] Use different Python Libraries such as random and statistics within your Python programs.
- [ ] Create and use your own libraries.
- [ ] Format Python strings.
- [ ] Create Python programs with integers and floats to represent numbers.

## 🧰 Requirements

- You must complete all the activities in module 5 before beginning the activities found in this module.
- You also must have finished the How to Use Jupyter Tutorial.
- You must have taken the how-to-write comments Tutorial.

## Sessions

### Session 1: Libraries

⏳ Duration: 50 mins.

- Activity 1: Libraries: The Random Library.
- Activity 2: The Statistics Library
- Activity 3: Making Your own Libraries

### Session 2: Strings, Numbers, and Floats

⏳ Duration: 50 mins.

- Activity 1: Formatting Strings
- Activity 2: Integers
- Activity 3: Floats



⏳ Duration: 20 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program that uses the random library.

## 💡 Topic: Libraries

Generally, libraries are bits of code written by you or others can you can use in your program.

- Python allows you to share functions or features with others as “modules”.
- If you copy and paste code from an old project, chances are you can create such a module or library that you could bring into your new project.

## 💡 Topic: Random

- Random is a library that comes with Python that you could import into your own project.
- It’s easier as a coder to stand on the shoulders of prior coders.
- So, how do you load a module into your own program? You can use the word import in your program.
- Inside the random module, there is a built-in function called random.choice(seq). random is the module you are importing. Inside that module, there is the choice function. That function takes into it a seq or sequence that is a list. Follow the following instructions to find out how to use random in your code:

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex28.
3. Step 3: Inside ex28, write the code found below:

```
from random import choice

coin = choice(["heads", "tails"])
print(coin)
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that we now can import just the choice function of random. From that point forward, we no longer need to code random.choice. We can now only code choice alone. choice is loaded explicitly into our program. This saves system resources and potentially can make our code run faster!

4. Step 4: Moving on, consider the function randint(a, b). This function will generate a random number between a and b. Modify your code as follows:

```
from random import choice
from random import randint

coin = choice(["heads", "tails"])
print(coin)

number = randint(1, 10)
print(number)
```
👁️‍🗨️  Notice that our code will randomly generate a number between 1 and 10.

5. Step 5: We can introduce into our card shuffle(x) where it will shuffle a list into a random order.

```
from random import choice
from random import randint
from random import shuffle


coin = choice(["heads", "tails"])
print(coin)

number = randint(1, 10)
print(number)

cards = ["jack", "queen", "king"]
shuffle(cards)
for card in cards:
    print(card)
```

👁️‍🗨️ Notice that shuffle() will shuffle the cards in place. Unlike other functions, it will not return a value. Instead, it will take the cards list and shuffle them inside that list. Run your code a few times to see the code functioning.

- We now have these three ways to generate random information.

- You can learn more in Python’s documentation of random: https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html

## 📝 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

**Note: add the new code you are about to write inside the ex28 file❗**

1. Create a list called myFriends which holds a list of your friends’ names.
2. Shuffle through the myFriends list you created using shuffle().
3. Use a for loop to display your friend names as we did with the cards.
4. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

Session 1: Activity 1: Libraries: The Random Library 🎲

This quiz will test your understanding of using the random module in Python to generate random elements. Make sure to review the provided code snippets and instructions before attempting the quiz.

Quiz: Ther Random Module

⏳ Duration: 15 mins. 

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program that uses the Statistics library to get the mean, median, and mode of numbers,

## 💡 Topic: The Statistics Library

- Python has a library of helpful functions called the Statistics Library. This library makes it easy to do calculations with numbers, like counting how many there are, adding them up, finding the average of a group, and more.
- let's start with the basic mean() function. This function is used to calculate the average or mean, of a set of numbers. To illustrate this, let's say you wanted to know the average age of all the students in your class. You can use the mean() function to quickly figure out this number.
- The median() function calculates the central value of a set of numbers. This is different from the mean, which is the average value. To illustrate this, let's say you wanted to find the middle number in a set of numbers. You can use the median() function to quickly figure out this number.
- The mode() function calculates the most frequent number in a set of numbers. To illustrate this, let's say you wanted to know which age is the most common in your class. You can use the mode() function to quickly figure out this number. Here's an example of the code:
- The variance() function calculates the variation of a set of numbers. To illustrate this, let's say you wanted to know how different the ages of your classmates are. You can use the variance() function to quickly figure out this number.
- Here is an example containing all the above functions:

```
from statistics import mean
from statistics import mode
from statistics import median
from statistics import variance
ages = [5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
mean_age = mean(ages)
print(mean_age)
median_age = median(ages)
print(median_age)
mode_age = mode(ages)
print(mode_age)
variance_age = variance(ages)
print(variance_age)
```

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex29.
3. Step 3: Inside ex29, write the code that is found above in the explanation section.
4. Step 4: Run your code and Evaluate your output.

## 📝 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Analyze your code line by line, and write a comment above each line explaining what the line/block does. If you need help on how to do this task, go back to Module 1 and check out the tutorial on “How to write comments”.
2. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ



Session1: Activity 2: Statistics  📈

This quiz will assess your understanding of using the Statistics library in Python to calculate the mean, median, and mode of a set of numbers.

Quiz: Statistics

⏳ Duration:15 mins

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program that contains a library made by you.

## 💡 Topic: How to make your own libraries?

- You have the ability as a Python programmer to create your own library!
- Imagine situations where you may want to reuse bits of code time and time again or even share them with others!
- We have been writing lots of code to say “hello” so far in this course. Let’s create a package to allow us to say “hello” and “goodbye”.

## 📋 Instructions:


1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex30
3. Step 3: Inside ex30, write the code found below:

```
def hello(name):
    print(f"hello, {name}")


def goodbye(name):
    print(f"goodbye, {name}")
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that this code in and of itself does not do anything for the user. However, if a programmer were to import this package into their own program, the abilities created by the functions above could be implemented in their code.

4. Step 4: Let’s see how we could implement code utilizing this package that we created. If you want to import the library you created into a new Jupyter file. first, you will need to download the Jupyternotebookk as a Python file. follow the instructions on Downloading a Jupyter notebook as a Python file, found in your How to Use Jupyter tutorial. 

- [ ]  **Note: you can find the tutorial In Module 1.**

5. Step 5: once you have downloaded the ex30.py file you will need to upload it to Jupyter again. To do so follow the instructions on Uploading a Python file to Jupyter Notebook, found in your “How to Use Jupyter” tutorial. 

- [ ] **Note: you can find the tutorial In Module 1**

- [ ] Steps 4 and 5 are important because all Python files have the file extension .py whereas Jupyter notebooks have the extension Ipynb and if you wish to import the library file you just created it needs to have the file extension .py or else your code will not work.
6. Step 6: Now create a new Jupyter file titled test_ex30 and type the following code:

```
import sys

from ex30 import goodbye

goodbye("Student")
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that this code imports the abilities of goodbye from the ex30 package. If the user inputs at least two arguments at the command line, it will say “goodbye” along with the string inputted at the command line.

## 📋 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Analyze your code line by line, and write a comment above each line explaining what the line/block does. If you need help on how to do this task, go to Module 1 and check out the tutorial on “How to write comments”.
2. Once finished, submit the files you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

## ☕ Break Time

![](https://i.ibb.co/0jMpTKK/image10.png)

Take a 10-minute break and come back for session two.


----------






Session 1: Activity 3: Making Your Own Libraries

This quiz aims to evaluate your understanding of creating and using a custom library in Python.

Quiz: User Defined Library

⏳Duration: 15 mins.

🎯Goal: To create a Python program that contains a formatted String.

## 💡 Topic: A small problem with quotation marks


- Notice how adding quotation marks as part of your string is challenging.
- print("hello,"friend"") will not work and the compiler will throw an error.
- Generally, there are two approaches to fixing this. First, you could simply change the quotes to single quotation marks.
- Another more commonly used approach would be code as print("hello, \\"friend\\""). The backslashes tell the compiler that the following character should be considered a quotation mark in the string and avoid a compiler error.
- Probably the most elegant way to use strings would be as follows:

```
# Ask the user for their name
name = input("What's your name? ")
print(f"hello, {name}")

```

Notice the f in print(f"hello, {name}"). This f is a special indicator to Python to treat this string a special way, different than previous approaches we have illustrated in this lecture. Expect that you will be using this style of strings quite frequently in this course.

## 📋Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex31.
3. Step 3: Inside ex31, Write the code that is found above in the explanation section.
4. Step 4:

- [ ] You should never expect your user will cooperate as intended. Therefore, you will need to ensure that the input of your user is corrected or checked.
- [ ] It turns out that built into strings is the ability to remove whitespace from a string.
- [ ] By utilizing the method strip on name as name = name.strip(), it will strip all the whitespaces on the left and right of the user's input. You can modify your code to be:

```
# Ask the user for their name
name = input("What's your name? ")
# Remove whitespace from the str
name = name.strip()
# Print the output
print(f"hello, {name}")

```
Rerunning this program, regardless of how many spaces you type before or after the name, it will strip off all the whitespace.

5. Step 5: Using the title method, it would title case the user’s name:

```
# Ask the user for their name
name = input("What's your name? ")

# Remove whitespace from the str
name = name.strip()

# Capitalize the first letter of each word
name = name.title()

# Print the output
print(f"hello, {name}")
```

6. Step 6: Run and evaluate your code.

- [ ] You  can learn more about strings in Python’s documentation on str: https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str
## 📝 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Modify your code inside ex31 to be more efficient as follows:

# Ask the user for their name

```
name = input("What's your name? ")

# Remove whitespace from the str and capitalize the first letter of each word
name = name.strip().title()

# Print the output
print(f"hello, {name}")
```
**This creates the same result as your previous code.**

2. Modify your code further to look like this:

```
# Ask the user for their name, remove whitespace from the str and capitalize the first letter of each word
name = input("What's your name? ").strip().title()

# Print the output
print(f"hello, {name}")
```

3. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ





Session 2: Activity 1: Strings and String formatting

This quiz tests your understanding of formatted strings and input handling in Python.

Quiz:  Formatted String and Input Handling 

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program that contains numbers it has accepted from the user.

## 💡 Topic: Integers or int

- In Python, an integer is referred to as an int.
- In the world of mathematics, we are familiar with +, -, *, /, and % operators. That last operator % or modulo operator may not be very familiar to you.
- Here is a code containing some integers and mathematics operators:

```
x = 1
y = 2

z = x + y

print(z)
```
Naturally, when we run this program we get the result in the terminal window as 3.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex32.
3. Step 3: Inside ex32, write the code that is found above in the explanation section.
4. Step 4: We can make your program more interactive using the input function as follows:


```
x = input("What's x? ")
y = input("What's y? ")
z = x + y
print(z)
```

 Running this program, we discover that the output is incorrect as 12. Why might this be?

- [ ] **Ans**: That’s because the + sign joins two strings. Because your input from your keyboard on your computer comes into the compiler as text, it is treated as a string. We, therefore, need to convert this input from a string to an integer. We can do so as follows:

```
x = input("What's x? ")
y = input("What's y? ")

z = int(x) + int(y)

print(z)
```

The result is now correct. The use of int(x), is called “casting” where a value is temporarily changed from one type of variable (in this case a string) to another (here, an integer).

- You can learn more in Python’s Documentation of int.
## 📝 Study Drills:

For this exercise, try these things:

1. Further improve your program as follows:

```
x = int(input("What's x? "))
y = int(input("What's y? "))

print(x + y)
```
Note: This illustrates that you can run functions on functions. The innermost function is run first, and then the outer one is run. First, the input function is run. Then, the int function.

2. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ



Session 2: Activity 2: Integers 🔢 

This quiz evaluates your understanding of integers and input handling in Python.

Quiz: Integers and Input Handling 

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program that contains real numbers with decimal points.

## 💡 Topic: Float Basics

- A floating point value is a real number that has a decimal point in it, such as 0.52.
- You can write a program that uses floats as follows:

⚓code to write ⬇️

```
x = float(input("What's x? "))
y = float(input("What's y? "))

print(x + y)
```
**This allows your user to enter 1.2 and 3.4 to present a total of 4.6.**

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex33.
3. Step 3: Inside ex33, write the code that is found above in the explanation section.
4. Step 4: Let’s imagine, that you want to round the total to the nearest integer. Looking at the Python documentation for round you’ll see that the available arguments are round(number[n, ndigits]). Those square brackets indicate that something optional can be specified by the programmer. Therefore, you could do round(n) to round a digit to its nearest integer. Alternatively, Modify your code as follows:

```
# Get the user's input
x= float(input("What's x? "))
y= float(input("What's y? "))

# Create a rounded result
z= round(x+ y)

# Print the result
print(z)


```
👁️‍🗨️ The output will be rounded to the nearest integer.

5. Step 5: What if we wanted to format the output of long numbers? For example, rather than seeing 1000, you may wish to see 1,000. Modify your code as follows:

```
# Get the user's input
x = float(input("What's x? "))
y = float(input("What's y? "))

# Create a rounded result
z = round(x + y)

# Print the formatted result
print(f"{z:,}")

```
👁️‍🗨️ Though quite cryptic, that print(f"{z:,}") creates a scenario where the outputted z will include commas where the result could look like 1,000 or 2,500.

## 📝 Study Drills:

1. How can we round floating point values? First, modify your code as follows:

```
# Get the user's input
x = float(input("What's x? "))
y = float(input("What's y? "))
# Calculate the result
z = x / y
# Print the result
print(z)
```
👁️‍🗨️ When inputting 2 as x and 3 as y the result z is  0.6666666666  seemingly going on to infinite as we might expect.
2. Let’s imagine that we want to round this down. Modify our code as follows:

```
# Get the user's input
x = float(input("What's x? "))
y = float(input("What's y? "))

# Calculate the result and round
z = round(x / y, 2)

# Print the result
print(z)
```
As we might expect, this will round the result to the nearest two decimal points.
3. We could also use fstring to format the output as follows:

```
# Get the user's input
x = float(input("What's x? "))
y = float(input("What's y? "))

# Calculate the result
z = x / y

# Print the result
print(f"{z:.2f}")
```

- [ ] This cryptic fstring code displays the same as our prior rounding strategy.
-  You can learn more in Python’s documentation of float: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html?highlight=float#float

4. Once finished, submit the file you worked on using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ


### 📼 Reference video 

You can use the following link to gain access to a reference video about the topics covered: https://video.cs50.io/MztLZWibctI?start=0


Session 2:  Activity 3: Floats

This quiz assesses your understanding of floating-point numbers and formatting in Python.

Quiz: Floating Point Numbers and Formatting 

## Summary

👏Well Done! You have made it to the end of the module, here is what we have done so far:

- You used Python’s built-in libraries such as random and Statistics.
- You created your own library and were able to import and use it in another program.
- You formatted strings using strip and other methods.
- You used int and float datatypes to accept and store numeric data. You also used the round function to round float numbers.

## Feedback

- Fill in the feedback form:  https://tally.so/r/woEPL5




Module 6: Libraries

## 🧭 Overview


As a programmer, you spend a lot of time wondering 💭 why your code is not working but what if you could test it?

👋 Welcome to the seventh module in this series, In this module, you will learn how to create Python programs that contain code used to test their functionality.

⌚ Duration:- 2 hrs.

💡 Please fill in the following form once the two hours are up regardless of how much of the module you were able to get through 💡

**Feedback Form**: https://tally.so/r/woEPL5

###  📼 Reference video 
You can use the following links to gain access to a reference video about the  different topics: 

- Unit Tests: https://video.cs50.io/tIrcxwLqzjQ, 
- File I/O:  https://video.cs50.io/KD-Yoel6EVQ

## 🥅 Learning Objectives

After completing this module you will be able to:

- [ ] Understand what Unit Tests are.
- [ ] Create Python programs that are used to test code.
- [ ] Use assert to check for errors in code.
- [ ] Create Python programs that read from and write to files.

## 🧰 Requirements

- [ ] You must complete all the activities in module 6 before beginning the activities found in this module.
- [ ] You also must have finished the “How to use Jupyter” Tutorial.
- [ ] You must have taken the “How to write comments” Tutorial.
## Sessions

### Session 1: Unit Tests
⌚ Duration: 50 mins.

- Activity 1:Unit Tests, What are they?
- Activity 2: Using assert to check for errors in code
- Activity 3:Testing Strings

### Session 2: File I/O
⌚ Duration: 50 mins.

- Activity 1: File I/O, What is it?
- Activity 2: Using Open to open files
- Activity 3: Using With to close files


⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a test program in Python

## 💡 Topic: Unit Tests

- Up until now, you have been likely testing your code using print statements.
- Alternatively, you may have been relying upon your modules to test your code for you!
- It’s most common in the industry to write code to test your own programs.
- Follow the instructions below to create a test program in Python:
## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex34.
3. Step 3: Inside ex34, write the code found below:

```
def main():
    x = int(input("What's x? "))
    print("x squared is", square(x))


def square(n):
    return n * n


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that you could plausibly test the above code on your own using some obvious numbers such as 2. However, consider why you might want to create a test that ensures that the above code functions appropriately.

4. Step 4: You will need to create another Python program to test our ex34 program, which means we need to save this program and import it to use our square method in another Jupyter notebook. Remember we did something similar in chapter 6 where we had to make our library.


- [ ] If you remember correctly when you want to import the library you created into a new Jupyter file. first, you will need to download the Jupyter Notebook as a Python file. To download your ex34 file, follow the instructions on “Downloading a Jupyter Notebook as a Python file”, found in your “How to Use Jupyter” tutorial. **Note: you can find the tutorial In Module 1.**

5. Step 5: once you have downloaded your ex34.py file you will need to upload it to Jupyter again. To do so follow the instructions on “Uploading a Python file to Jupyter Notebook”, found in your “How to Use Jupyter” tutorial. Note: you can find the tutorial In Google Classroom.


- [ ] **Steps 4 and 5 are important because all Python files have the file extension .py whereas Jupyter notebooks have the extension Ipynb and if you wish to import the library file you just created it needs to have the file extension .py or else your code will not work.**

6. Step 6: Create a new Jupyter file titled test_ex34 and write the code found below. ⬇️

```
from ex34 import square



def main():
    test_square()


def test_square():
    if square(2) != 4:
        print("2 squared was not 4")
    if square(3) != 9:
        print("3 squared was not 9")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that we are importing the square function from ex34 on the first line of code. By convention, we are creating a function called test_square. Inside that function, we define some conditions to test.

7.  Step 7: Run your program. You’ll notice that **nothing **is being outputted. It could be that everything is running fine! Alternatively, it could be that our test function did not discover one of the “corner cases” that could produce an error.

- [ ] Right
 now, our code tests two conditions. If we wanted to test many more conditions, our test code could easily become bloated. **How could we expand our test capabilities without expanding our test code? **Check out the next activity to find out.

🚨**Note: Save your files, You don’t need to submit them yet but they will be required for the next activity.** 🚨

Session 1: Activity 1: Unit Tests, What are they?

This quiz evaluates your understanding of unit testing, test cases, and creating a test program in Python.

Quiz: Unit Testing and Test Cases 

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program that uses assert to test for errors.

## 💡 Topic: assert

- Python’s assert command allows us to tell the compiler that something, some assertion, is true.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Open your test_ex34 file from the pre and modify your code as follows: 

```
from ex34 import square


def main():
    test_square()


def test_square():
    assert square(2) == 4
    assert square(3) == 9


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that we are definitively asserting what square(2)  and square(3) should equal. Our code is reduced from four test lines to two.

3. Step 3: Purposely break your calculator code found in the ex34 file by modifying it as follows:

```
def main():
    x = int(input("What's x? "))
    print("x squared is", square(x))


def square(n):
    return n + n


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

👁️‍🗨️ Notice that we have changed the *operator to a +in the square function.

4. Step 4: Now running your code in test_ex34, you will notice that an AssertionError is raised by the compiler.** Essentially, this is the compiler telling us that one of our conditions was not met.**
5. Step 5: One of the challenges that we are now facing is that our code could become even more burdensome if we wanted to provide more descriptive error output to our users. Plausibly, we could code as follows:

```

from ex34 import square

def main():
    test_square()


def test_square():
    try:
        assert square(2) == 4
    except AssertionError:
        print("2 squared is not 4")
    try:
        assert square(3) == 9
    except AssertionError:
        print("3 squared is not 9")
    try:
        assert square(-2) == 4
    except AssertionError:
        print("-2 squared is not 4")
    try:
        assert square(-3) == 9
    except AssertionError:
        print("-3 squared is not 9")
    try:
        assert square(0) == 0
    except AssertionError:
        print("0 squared is not 0")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that running this code will produce multiple errors. However, it’s not producing all the errors above. This is a good illustration that it’s worth testing multiple cases such that you might catch situations where there are coding mistakes.

- The above code illustrates a major challenge: **How could we make it easier to test your code without dozens of lines of code like the above?**
- You can learn more in Python’s documentation of assert: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/simple_stmts.html#assert

## 📝 Study Drills:

1. You have **no **study drills for this activity, submit the files you worked on so far using the following link:  https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

Session 1: Activity 2: Assert

This quiz assesses your understanding of using assert in Python for testing and catching errors.

Quiz: Assert

⏳ Duration: 20 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program that tests String inputs from the user.

## 💡 Topic: Testing Strings

Testing strings in Python is like a way to check if something is correct. Let's say you have a game and you want to make sure all the answers are correct. Testing strings ensures that all the answers are correct so the game works the way it should. It's important to check all the answers are correct because if they are wrong then the game won't work and you might get frustrated. That's why testing strings is important - it helps us make sure the game works the way it should!

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex35.
3. Step 3: Inside ex35 write the code that is found below:

```
def main():
    name = input("What's your name? ")
    hello(name)


def hello(to="world"):
    print("hello,", to)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that we may wish to test the result of the hello function.
4. Step 4: You will need to create another Python program to test our ex35 program, which means we need to save this program and import our hello method into another Jupyter notebook. Remember we did something similar in the previous activity.

- [ ] If you remember correctly when you want to import the library you created into a new Jupyter file. first, you will need to download the Jupyter Notebook as a Python file. To download your ex35 file, follow the instructions on “Downloading a Jupyter Notebook as a Python file”, found in your “How to Use Jupyter” tutorial.

 🚨 Note: you can find the tutorial In Module 1. 🚨

5. Step 5: once you have downloaded your ex35.py file you will need to upload it to Jupyter again. To do so follow the instructions on “Uploading a Python file to Jupyter Notebook”, found in your “How to Use Jupyter” tutorial. Note: you can find the tutorial In Google Classroom.

Steps 4 and 5 are important because all Python files have the file extension .py whereas Jupyter notebooks have the extension Ipynb and if you wish to import the library file you just created it needs to have the file extension .py or else your code will not work.


6. Step 6: Create a new Jupyter file titled test_ex35 and inside write the following code:

```
from ex35 import hello


def test_hello():
    assert hello("David") == "hello, David"
    assert hello() == "hello, world"
```

- [ ] 👀 Looking at this code, do you think that this approach to testing will work well? Why might this test not work well? Notice that the hello function in ex35 prints something: That is, it does not return a value!

7. Step 7: You can change your hello function within ex35.py as follows:

```
def main():
    name = input("What's your name? ")
    print(hello(name))


def hello(to="world"):
    return f"hello, {to}"


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

 👁️‍🗨️ Notice that we changed our hello function to return a string. 

8. Step 8: Running our test_ex35 program, our code will pass all tests!
9. Step 9: As with our previous test case in this lesson, we can break out our tests separately:

```
from ex35 import hello


def test_default():
    assert hello() == "hello, world"


def test_argument():
    assert hello("David") == "hello, David"
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that the above code separates our test into multiple functions such that they will all run, even if an error is produced.

## 📝Study Drills:

1. You have no study drills for this activity, submit the file you worked on so far using the following link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

## ☕ Break Time

![](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/2b/dd/c9/2bddc91accccb9b70178c49cf5684bed.jpg)

Pov: You After Spending An Hour Writing Code On Unit Tests!

Take a 10-minute break and come back for session two.


----------




Session 1: Activity 3: Testing Strings

This quiz assesses your understanding of unit testing in Python, particularly when testing functions that involve string inputs.

Quiz: Unit Testing for String Inputs

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program demonstrating the need for File I/O

## 💡 Topic: What is File I/O?

- Up until now, everything we’ve programmed has stored information in memory. That is, once the program is ended, all information gathered from the user or generated by the program is lost.
- File I/O is the ability of a program to take a file as input or create a file as output.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex36.
3. Step 3: Inside ex36, write the code found below:

```
name = input("What's your name?" )
print(f"hello, {name}")
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that running this code has the desired output. The user can input a name. The output is as expected.
4. Step 4: What if we wanted to allow multiple names to be inputted? How might we achieve this? Recall that a list is a data structure that allows us to store multiple values into a single variable. Code as follows:

```
names = []

for _ in range(3):
    name = input("What's your name?" )
    names.append(name)
```

5. Step 5: The above code can be simplified as follows:

```
names = []

for _ in range(3):
    names.append(input("What's your name?" ))
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that this has the same result as the prior block of code.

6. Step 6: Now, let’s enable the ability to print the list of names as a sorted list. Code as follows:

```
names = []

for _ in range(3):
    names.append(input("What's your name?" ))

for name in sorted(names):
    print(f"hello, {name}")

```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that once this program is executed, all information is lost. File I/O allows your program to store this information such that it can be used later.

- You can learn more in Python’s documentation of sorted.
## 📝 Study Drills:

1. You have no study drills for this activity, submit the file you worked on so far using the following link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ


Session 3: Activity 1: File I/O

⏳ Duration:15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program that opens and writes information to files.

## 💡 Topic: open

- In  Python, the open() function is used to open files. It takes two arguments: the file path and the mode in which you want to open the file.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex37.
3. Step 3: Inside ex37 write the code found below:

```
name = input("What's your name? ")

file = open("names.txt", "w")
file.write(name)
file.close()
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that the open function opens a file called names.txt  with writing enabled, as signified by the w. The code above assigns that opened file to a variable called file. The line file.write(name)  writes the name to the text file. The line after that closes the file.



⚠️ **Note**: Testing out your code, you can input a name and it saves to the text file. However, if you run your program multiple times using different names, you will notice that this program will entirely rewrite the names.txt file each time. ⚠️

4. Step 4: Ideally, we want to be able to append each of our names to the file. Remove the existing text file by deleting it from your phone. Then, modify your code as follows:

```
name = input("What's your name? ")

file = open("names.txt", "a")
file.write(name)
file.close()
```
5. Step 5: Examining your text file after running your program multiple times, you’ll notice that the names are running together. The names are being appended without any gaps between each of the names. You can fix this issue. Again, remove the existing text file by deleting it from your phone. Then, modify your code as follows:

```
name = input("What's your name? ")

file = open("names.txt", "a")
file.write(f"{name}\n")
file.close()
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that the line with file.write has been modified to add a line break at the end of each name.

- This code is working quite well. However, there are ways to improve this program. It so happens that it’s quite easy to forget to close the file.
- You can learn more in Python’s documentation of open: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#open

## 📝 Study Drills:
1. You have no study drills for this activity, submit the file you worked on so far to the respective assignment using the following link:  https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

Session 2: Activity 2: Opening files using open

⌛ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a program that opens and automatically closes a file.

## 💡 Topic: with

- The keyword with allows you to automate the closing of a file.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex38.
3. Step 3: Inside ex38 write the following code:

```
name = input("What's your name? ")

with open("names.txt", "a") as file:
    file.write(f"{name}\n")
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that the line below with is indented.

4. Step 4: Up until this point, we have been exclusively writing to a file. What if we want to read from a file? To enable this functionality, modify your code as follows:

```
with open("names.txt", "r") as file:
    lines = file.readlines()

for line in lines:
    print("hello,", line)
```
Notice that readlines has a special ability to read all the lines of a file and store them in a file called lines. Running your program, you will notice that the output is quite ugly. There seem to be multiple line breaks where there should be only one.

5. Step 5: There are many approaches to fix this issue. However, here is a simple way to fix this error in our code:

```
with open("names.txt", "r") as file:
    lines = file.readlines()

for line in lines:
    print("hello,", line.rstrip())
```
Notice that rstrip has the effect of removing the extraneous line break at the end of each line.

6. Step 6: Still, this code could be simplified even further:

```
with open("names.txt", "r") as file:
    for line in file:
        print("hello,", line.rstrip())
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that running this code, it is correct. However, notice that we are not sorting the names.
7. Step 7: This code could be further improved to allow for the sorting of the names:

```
names = []

with open("names.txt") as file:
    for line in file:
        names.append(line.rstrip())

for name in sorted(names):
    print(f"hello, {name}")
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that names is a blank list where we can collect the names. Each name is appended to the names list in memory. Then, each name in the sorted list in memory is printed. Running your code, you will see that the names are now properly sorted.

## 📝 Study Drills:


1. You have no study drills for this activity, submit the file you worked on so far to the respective assignment using this link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ

Session 2: Activity 3: Automatically closing files using with

This quiz evaluates your understanding of basic File I/O concepts in Python.

Quiz: File I/O Basics 

## Summary
👏 Well Done! You have made it to the end of the module, here is what we have done so far:

- You created a Python library and imported it into another Python program to perform Unit tests. 
- You created programs that can open, read from, write to, and close files.

## 🛤️ Feedback

- Fill in the feedback form: https://tally.so/r/woEPL5

Module 7: Unit Tests and File I/O

## 🧭 Overview


Welcome to the last module in this series. In this module, you will learn about a new programming paradigm called Object Oriented Programming.

⌚ Duration:- 2 hrs.

💡 Please fill in the following form once the two hours are up regardless of how much of the module you were able to get through 💡
Feedback Form: https://tally.so/r/woEPL5

📼 Reference video 

You can use the following link to gain access to a reference video about the  different topics covered:  https://video.cs50.io/e4fwY9ZsxPw


## 🥅 Learning Objectives

After completing this module you will be able to:

- Understand Object Oriented Programming.
- Create Python programs containing Classes
- Use Raise to handle errors
- Use Decorators alongside functions

## 🧰 Requirements

You must complete all the activities in module 7 before beginning the activities found in this module.

- You also must have finished the “How to use Jupyter” Tutorial.
- You must have taken the “How to write comments” Tutorial.

## Sessions

### Session 1: Object-oriented programming fundamentals

⌚  Duration: 50 mins.

- Activity 1: Object-Oriented Programming.
- Activity 2: Classes.
- Activity 3: Using raise for error handling.

### Session 2: Advanced Object-Oriented Programming

⌚ Duration: 50 mins.

- Activity 1: Decorators, What are they?
- Activity 2: Class methods, What are they?
- Activity 3:Inheritance, What is it?


Introduction 🌻

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To understand what OOP is, and why it is important.

## 💡 Topic: OOP

- There are different paradigms of programming. As you learn other languages, you will start recognizing patterns like these.
- Up until this point, you have worked procedurally step-by-step.
- Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a compelling solution to programming-related problems.
- Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a way of writing code that helps us organize our thoughts and make our programs easier to understand and easier to use. OOP allows us to break down large tasks into smaller, simpler pieces that can be connected to create a complete program.
- Using OOP in Python is important because it makes writing code easier. Let's say we want to make a computer game that involves a character running and jumping. With OOP, we can break this game down into two parts: the character and the environment. The character can be written as a class and the environment can be written as a class. We can then create the game by connecting the two classes together. This makes it easier to understand the code and easier to make changes or add new features.
- Real-world examples of OOP include robotics, cars, and airplanes. Think of a robot as a class that can walk, talk, dance, and make decisions. The robot is made up of smaller parts, like the motors, wheels, and sensors, which are all connected together. Similarly, a car is made up of different parts, such as the engine, wheels, and body, all connected together. Finally, an airplane is made up of a fuselage, wings, and other parts all connected together. All of these real-world objects have a class that defines their behavior and structure.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex39,
3. Step 3: Inside ex39, write the following code:

```
name = input("Name: ")
house = input("House: ")
print(f"{name} from {house}")
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that this program follows a procedural, step-by-step paradigm: Much like you have seen in prior parts of this course.

4. Step 4: Drawing on our work from previous weeks, we can create functions to abstract away parts of this program as follows ⬇️

```
def main():
    name = get_name()
    house = get_house()
    print(f"{name} from {house}")


def get_name():
    return input("Name: ")


def get_house():
    return input("House: ")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice how get_name and get_house abstract away some of the needs of our main function. Further, notice how the final lines of the code above tell the compiler to run the main function.

5. Step 5: We can further simplify our program by storing the student as a tuple. A tuple is a sequence of values. Unlike a list, a tuple can’t be modified. In spirit, we are returning two values.

```
def main():
    name, house = get_student()
    print(f"{name} from {house}")


def get_student():
    name = input("Name: ")
    house = input("House: ")
    return name, house


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

```
👁️‍🗨️  Notice how get_student returns name, house

6. Step 6: Packing that tuple, such that we can return both items to a variable called student, we can modify our code as follows.

```
def main():
    student= get_student()
    print(f"{student[0]} from {student[1]}")


def get_student():
    name= input("Name: ")
    house= input("House: ")
    return (name, house)


if __name__== "__main__":
    main()
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that (name, house) explicitly tells anyone reading our code that we are returning two values within one. Further, notice how we can index into tuples using student[0]  or student[1].

7. Step 7: tuples are immutable, meaning we cannot change those values. Immutability is a way by which we can program defensively.

```
def main():
    student = get_student()
    if student[0] == "Padma":
        student[1] = "Ravenclaw"
    print(f"{student[0]} from {student[1]}")


def get_student():
    name = input("Name: ")
    house = input("House: ")
    return name, house


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```
👁️‍🗨️  Notice that this code produces an error. Since tuples are immutable, we’re not able to reassign the value of student[1].

8. Step 8: If we wanted to provide our fellow programmers flexibility, we could utilize a list as follows.

```
def main():
    student = get_student()
    if student[0] == "Padma":
        student[1] = "Ravenclaw"
    print(f"{student[0]} from {student[1]}")


def get_student():
    name = input("Name: ")
    house = input("House: ")
    return [name, house]


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

```
👁️‍🗨️  Note the lists are mutable. That is, the order of house and name can be switched by a programmer. You might decide to utilize this in some cases where you want to provide more flexibility at the cost of the security of your code. After all, if the order of those values is changeable, programmers who work with you could make mistakes down the road.


9.  Step 9: A dictionary could also be utilized in this implementation. Recall that dictionaries provide a key-value pair.

```
def main():
    student = get_student()
    print(f"{student['name']} from {student['house']}")


def get_student():
    student = {}
    student["name"] = input("Name: ")
    student["house"] = input("House: ")
    return student


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice, in this case, two key-value pairs are returned. An advantage of this approach is that we can index into this dictionary using the keys.

10. Step 10: Still, our code can be further improved. Notice that there is an unneeded variable. We can remove student = {} because we don’t need to create an empty dictionary.

```
def main():
    student = get_student()
    print(f"{student['name']} from {student['house']}")


def get_student():
    name = input("Name: ")
    house = input("House: ")
    return {"name": name, "house": house}


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice we can utilize {} braces in the return statement to create the dictionary and return it all in the same line.

## 📝 Study Drills:

1. You have no study drills for this activity, submit the file you worked on so far to the respective assignment using the following link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ




Session 1: Activity 1:Object Oriented Programming 🤖

![](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/593abeda2994ca8e37f89762/1513807971429-RH7QJS5H22M65C9WRUP4/quiz.jpg)



----------



Welcome to the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Quiz! This quiz is designed to test your understanding of OOP concepts and their application in Python. Object-oriented programming is a powerful paradigm that helps in organizing code, making it more readable, maintainable, and scalable. 
## 

🧠 Quiz: OOP

⏳ Duration: 15 mins.

🎯 Goal: To create a Python program that contains classes.

## 💡 Topic: Classes. What are they?

- When we talk about classes in Python, we're talking about something very much like a group. For example, if you were in a group of five-year-olds, you would all be in the same "class." In Python, a class is like a group of objects. Objects are things like animals, vehicles, and colors. For example, if you wanted to make a class of animals, you could have a dog, a cat, a bird, and a fish all in one class. You can also make classes of colors, like red, blue, green, and yellow. Inside the classes, you can define different attributes and behaviors that make each object unique. For example, a dog might have four legs, a cat might have whiskers, a bird might have wings, and a fish might have fins. By using classes, you can create collections of related objects with their own unique attributes and behaviors.
- Classes are a way by which, in object-oriented programming, we can create our own type of data and give them names.
- A class is like a mold for a type of data – where we can invent our own data type and give it a name.

## 📋 Instructions:

1. Step 1: Go to Pydroid and run Jupyter Notebook.
2. Step 2: Create a new Jupyter file titled ex40.
3. Step 3: Inside ex40, write the code found below to implement your own class called student:

```
class Student:
    ...


def main():
    student = get_student()
    print(f"{student.name} from {student.house}")


def get_student():
    student = Student()
    student.name = input("Name: ")
    student.house = input("House: ")
    return student


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

👁️‍🗨️  Notice by convention that Student is capitalized. Further, notice the ... simply means that we will later return to finish that portion of our code. Further, notice that in get_student, we can create a student of class Student using the syntax student = Student(). Further, notice that we utilize “dot notation” to access attributes of this variable student of class Student.

- Any time you create a class and you utilize that blueprint to create something, you create what is called an “object” or an “instance”. In the case of our code, student is an object.
4. Step 4: Further, we can lay some groundwork for the attributes that are expected inside an object whose class is Student. We can modify our code as follows:

```
class Student:
    def __init__(self, name, house):
        self.name = name
        self.house = house


def main():
    student = get_student()
    print(f"{student.name} from {student.house}")


def get_student():
    name = input("Name: ")
    house = input("House: ")
    student = Student(name, house)
    return student


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```
👁️‍🗨️ Notice that within Student, we standardize the attributes of this class. We can create a function within class Student, called a “method”, that determines the behavior of an object of class Student. Within this function, it takes the name and house passed to it and assigns these variables to this object. Further, notice how the constructor student = Student(name, house) calls this function within the Student class and creates a student. self refers to the current object that was just created.

5. Step 5: We can simplify our code as follows:

```
class Student:
    def __init__(self, name, house):
        self.name = name
        self.house = house


def main():
    student = get_student()
    print(f"{student.name} from {student.house}")


def get_student():
    name = input("Name: ")
    house = input("House: ")
    return Student(name, house)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

Notice how return Student(name, house) simplifies the previous iteration of our code where the constructor statement was run on its own line.

- You can learn more in Python’s documentation of classes.
6. Step 6: Run your code and Evaluate your output.
## Study Drills:

- You have no study drills for this activity, submit the file you worked on so far to the respective using the following link: https://tally.so/r/3xaOGJ




Session 1: Activity 2: Classes


![](https://undhinundweg.de/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Quiz_09.jpg)


----------


This is a quiz on classes and all the Python components used in creating and using them within your code.

Quiz: Classes

Module 8: Object-Oriented Programming

![](https://teamhood.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/giphy.gif)

Hey there! 👋 Welcome to our introductory course where we'll dive into the exciting world of Python programming! Over the next 5 days, we'll guide you through the mysterious world of this programming language. So buckle up and get ready for a fun and informative journey!

- [ ] This introductory course is a pre-requisite to be admitted to the main BootCamp so make sure you **complete all the lessons** found inside.

- [ ] There will be an exam at the end of the week so make sure you have understood all the topics covered inside!

- [ ] Please have the following link bookmarked and refer to it for your weekly schedule. https://directed.notion.site/DirectEd-Introductory-Course-April-2024-f47ae8716d3a44d98d6233dd3cfc7fd6?pvs=4





Embark on a transformative journey into the world of programming with our Python Foundations course, inspired by CS50’s Introduction to Programming with Python. Designed for beginners, this comprehensive 8-module course provides a solid foundation in Python programming, empowering you to build a strong skill set for a variety of applications.

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